Review of the Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Review of the Literature - Essay Example Research Elements: To demonstrate the content of the research, the researcher used quantitative research methodology. The means of the patients undertaking the PD program that had completed 2 to 3 training lessons prior to placement on the catheter. Outcome(s): From the study, it was discovered that out of the 90 patients that were treated for three months, most of them benefited from continuous education (Barone et al., 2011). Significance to Nursing and Patient Care: This study is useful since it explains that in as much the training programs were varied, the outcomes of the patients undergoing PD improved since a good number learn the different aspects of how to change an individual’s treatment program Summary of Article: In this work, Bernardini (2010) explains that Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) was regarded as a common infection for patients in the era of continuous ambulatory PD. However, it was extremely challenging to get the best treatment for peritonitis as well as determine the risk factors for peritonitis and how to prevent the same. Research Elements: Qualitative research methodology was used. To establish the content of the research, author used literature review to assess the level of infection of the patients from the 1970s and 1980s once in 6-12 months in an effort to assess the possibility of infection among these patients (Bernardini, 2010). Through repetitive tasks such as use of the catheter led to the patients adhere to the different connection procedures. Outcome(s): It was found out that the PD nurses can easily train patients on the principles of adult education; thus, inculcate them with skills that allow for evidence based practice and ultimately minimizing the risks of peritonitis through redirecting behavior among the patients. Significance to Nursing and Patient Care: This study is

International and Strategic Marketing Essay Example for Free

International and Strategic Marketing Essay The globalization of business markets from domestic to international has generated a unique competitive advantage for all the organizations whose products and services are being welcomed by the customers all around the world demanding mass marketing efforts. In this regard, marketing research in the international environment is having different methodology and complications with respect to geographical boundaries of a specific country in which penetration and development of a product is required. Therefore, an international market planning with strategic aligned goal, for development in the global world should be the objective of marketers to captivate international market leadership. Introduction The gravity of globalization in today’s modern era in the business world is increasing enormously due to faster means of communication, transportation, technology, and rapid financial streams. The product that is being produced in a specific region does not have limitations of boundaries. A Russian student can be wearing Italian T-shirt, driving in a German car going to meet his friend in a Chinese restaurant. This example is not astonishing because it is a general practice and nowadays everybody can illustrate the true meaning of world global market place. Hence, marketers are required to analyze this gravity of globalization and have to consider international marketing in their strategic goal of marketing plan. Marketing is the well known concept of anticipating customer need or demand then analyzing how marketers are going to fulfill that demand or need and finally satisfying customer need or demand. If the customer is really satisfied by gauging the ultimate benefit from that product or service provided by the marketer than it develops a sense of strong relationship between the customer and the organization, in which the organization give value to the customer and in return customer give value to them by building a strong profitable relationship (Kotler, Armstrong, 2008). International marketing concept is also the same as the general defined concept of marketing but the methodology to enter and penetrate in the international market is not the same as it is in domestic marketing. Indeed the tools and skills to enter in the international market is same but their application differs due the factors which include economy, political and legal system, and most importantly culture and buying behavior of the nation. Hence, the ideology of international marketing can be gauged in this way that the organization which offers its products and services by planning, pricing, promoting, and distributing to more than one nation other than domestic market to earn higher profit   (Cateora et al., 2002). Internationalized Business Operations Many potential organizations tend to bring their operation on global level rather than national level. When the companies move to internationalization the complexity and sophistication of operations change enormously. The basic guidelines for the companies orienting in international market are described by EPRG framework (Wind, Douglas, Perlmutter, 1973). This framework deals with four types of orientation of company going to international market which are: a. Ethnocentrism: In this type of orientation, top management is highly focusing on domestic market as compared to foreign market because its products have already stable and reasonable demand in domestic market. Company considers their foreign sales as surplus to their domestic sales. b. Polycentrism: It is the attitude which arises when the company recognizes that its multi domestic products strategies would not be successful in the host country if the orientation method is same as domestic orientation. Hence, a different marketing program to enter in the international market is required by the company. c. Regiocentrism: In these stages company identifies the similarities of the entire region and enters the regional market by developing integrated strategies of marketing. Such types of orientation capture geographically and economically integrated region such as NAFTA and European Union. d. Geocentrism: In this type of approach company consider the entire global market as its potential market place. This is one of the most important and critical type of approach when companies make single policies for the entire world market. The organizations should have prior focus on going globally because this approach has a great future. Hence, it is proved as well that organizations which are growing globally have gathered tremendous success in the past decades.   International marketing environment An optical company introduced eye glasses in Thailand by running advertizing campaign of cute animals wearing glasses. The advertisement featuring animal was a pathetic choice as in Thailand animals are considered to be the sign of low life and was not respectful for Thais to take that thing which was being used by animal due to which the company had to suffer a loss in spite of modern and unique design of their product (Payne, website). So the main fault was of the company’s marketing research team that they did not gathered   appropriate knowledge of Thai culture and have misjudged the society in which they are going to enter. They did not realize the fact that the marketing environment would be different from the domestic market in which they have achieved the strategic position. When the organization takes the decision of going beyond the domestic market then it needs to cater that there will be significant national differences which will create a different marketing environment than the one it is serving now. This reflects the very fact that the research is need to be conducted in those highlighting factors which will affect its strategic marketing goals. There are many ways by which research can be conducted out of which asking question is the most effective one by which an appropriate answer is obtained (Kumar, 2000). Marketing Research in Saudi Arabia If the analysis is conducted on the differences of factors in the international marketing environment of a country named as Saudi Arabia then it is observed that the main highlighting factors which are to be considered in doing research and which differentiate people of one nation to another are discussed below; a. Culture: Nation with different cultures has different traditional values and demand those products which are not vulnerable to their culture. Saudi Arabia is a Muslim country having Arabs traditional values, they will highly support and promote the product in Saudi market which will either promote their culture or at least accept their culture. b. Economic condition: The economic condition of the nation should be highly considered in marketing research because it defines the purchasing power of the customer which is the main origin of marketing. In Saudi market maximum companies offer luxurious and expensive products because the purchasing power of the nation is high because of rich government having vast amount of natural resources. c. Racial differences: It defines the different physical features of the nation. Like the cosmetic product would be different for the customers of Saudi Arabia as compared to the customers of U.S.A. It is located in such region of Asia in which people have generally different colored skin which is opposite to U.S. nation which do not have the same skin as Saudis’ have. In this regard, the marketing program for the Saudi nation for particularly cosmetic products would be different from that of U.S.A. d. Climate: It defines the different meteorological condition of the country because it has a great impact on the products which have seasonal demands. Saudi Arabia is considered as the hot climate country in which temperature normally rises to 55 0F. For such a hot weather country marketers have taken that as opportunity for them and have introduced such air conditioning system which can sustain the temperature of Saudi Arabia. There would be consider an immature marketing program if the products which are not suitable with the climate of the country are introduced because they are not compatible for that region neither they have market demand in that region. e. Religion: It does reflect in the marketing, in the sense that the product whose ingredients are controversial. In Saudi Arabia the concept of Halal food restricts the entire food manufacturers to penetrate in its markets that violate it and in the same way alcoholic drinks are also not allowed because of their religious jurisdiction. f. Language: In international marketing research, it is one of the most important aspects because it is the effective means of communication and if it is not used in appropriate manner, can cause reverse affect on marketing efforts. Arabic is the native language of Saudi nation and mostly they are unable to understand English, which is a universal language. So, the marketers have analyzed that their all promotion efforts should be translated in Arabic so that the customer really get to know that what the product all about is. Similarly, there are also other factors which marketers have to analyze in the international marketing research mode of environment it has targeted like market facilities and capabilities, political stability of the country, nation psyche etc.

Narrative Criticism of McPhee :: Monopoly New Jersey Essays

Narrative Criticism of McPhee "Do not pass go. Do not collect two hundred dollars." We’ve all heard these phrasesfromthe board game Monopoly. Monopoly, however, isn’t merely a game.It wasbased on an actual city. "The Search for Marvin Gardens" tells of Monopoly’s relation to Atlantic City, NJ. In this narrative criticism I will examine several main characteristics of the piece. In doing so, I will try to answer the question, "How has Atlantic City changed due to a greedy, capitalistic attitude?" I believe that this question makes a good connection to thepiece’s description of the changes in the features of the city. "The Search forMarvin Gardens" is a section of the book Pieces of the Frame byJohn McPhee. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux published the piece in 1975. Thecomposition itself is fifteen pages long. It tells of Monopoly’s connectionsto a realworld location, Atlantic City, NJ. In order to write a narrative criticism of McPhee’s "The Search for Marvin Gardens",I firstread and gave a comprehensive examination of the narrative. To dothis,I looked at several characteristics of the piece. I decided that thesetting,the characters, and the theme were the most important characteristicstothis piece. Other characteristics such as the narrator, events, temporalrelations, casual relations, and audience are not quite as important inmycriticism of this piece. To look at the important characteristics, youmustask yourself questions about the piece. How does the setting changethroughoutthe piece? How does the setting relate to the plot and characters?How isthe setting created? Who are the main characters? What are the physicalandmental traits of the characters? What is the major theme of the narrative?There are several other questions you may ask, but they do not prove asrelevantto this piece. The aforementioned questions are significant becausethey helpanswer t he research question. A participant in a game of Monopoly narrates the piece. He not only pictures the game board. He sees the corresponding locations in Atlantic City. The plot line ofthe story follows the narrator in search of Marvin Gardens. Along the wayhe sees the difference between the way things were, and the way they usedto be. In "The Search for Marvin Gardens", there are basically four physical settings: the Monopoly tournament, Marvin Gardens, Atlantic City of the past, and Atlantic Cityin the 1970s. McPhee alternates between the settings with great regularity,and the tempo of the story is constantly changing.

I Wanna Be Special: Plath and Nazi Germany

Sylvia Plath is a poet who writes in a confessional style. Her poetry shows her strong opinions towards patriarchy. By examining her works and researching her past, one can see that the two prominent male figures in her past are her father and Ted Hughes, her husband. In her poetry Plath uses Nazi Germany as a metaphor for the oppressive system of patriarchy women live under, while she portrays the victim as Jews. Two examples of poems where this appears are â€Å"Lady Lazarus† and â€Å"Daddy†. Because the Holocaust is such a sensitive subject, there are two schools of thought to Plath's metaphor. One belief is that she belittles the Holocaust. The other belief is that a metaphor is simply a metaphor. Obviously, Plath has no first hand knowledge if she uses the metaphor so trivially. There are aspects of Plath's works that people may find hard to understand if they don't know about her history. To understand Plath's poetry, one has to understand Plath. Sylvia Plath writes confessional poetry. Because she writes in this confessional style, those who study her work must become familiar with her past. Confessional poetry is when poets write about their own experiences; thoughts, feelings, and experiences become the basis of the poetry. Thus the poems become an expression of poet's innermost person. Unlike other forms of poetry, confessional takes its material directly from the life of the poet. The tone of Plath's poetry is decidedly depressing. During her life, Plath became suicidal. As a child, she almost drowned, and later attempted to kill herself before actually succeeding. These experiences become strong influences on Plath's poetry. Anne Sexton was another confessional poet. She met Plath at a poetry workshop and the two became good friends. When writing poems, one would call the other to get input and suggestions, or just to talk about the happenings in their lives. However, there remains a main difference between Plath's poetry and Sexton's poetry: Anne Sexton was not originally a writer, but a housewife. When the stresses became too much for her, she went to therapy. During one of her sessions, her psychiatrist suggested that she begin writing poetry to help her get at the root of her problems. The largest problem that Plath had was with the institution of patriarchy that surrounded her. In her poetry, she expresses her negative emotions towards patriarchy. Plath was a daughter, wife, and mother through her life. These titles also came with roles that were dictated to her by the patriarchal structure. Because she was forced into all of these roles, and expected to fulfil them all, Plath resented those who forced her into these roles, and her displeasure becomes quite evident in her poetry. There are two major male figures in Plath's life; father and husband. Her father, Otto Plath, originally lived in Grabow Poland and spoke German. He moved to the United States when he was 15, and later taught at Boston University (Modern Poetry, p. 1417). Yet he died while Plath was still quite young. His daughter, Silvia Plath, became very resentful towards her father. This resentment is most strongly found in her poem â€Å"Daddy†. Plath's husband, Ted Hughes, was also a writer. However, he did not approve of the writing of his wife. He tried to discourage her from writing, to stay home and raise a family. Many today blame Hughes for the death of Plath, and believe that he is responsible for her committing suicide. Due to the experiences that she has with patriarchy, it is understandable that Plath carried resentments. These feelings were so strong that she used Nazi Germany as a metaphor for patriarchy. However, this brought about many conflicts; while some critics defended her use of the Holocaust imagery, others vehemently defended that she was in fact belittling what the Jewish people suffered through. In the poem â€Å"Daddy†, Plath openly attacks her father. â€Å"Daddy, I have had to kill you. / You died before I had time† (Daddy, 6-7). She verbally demonstrates her need to hurt and to kill him; he is the symbol of patriarchy from her early life. Plath resents the fact that he died before she could remove him from his strong patriarchical role. This resentment grew until she began to see oppression everywhere: I have always been scared of you, Wish your Luftwaffe, your gobbledygoo. And your neat moustache And your Aryan eye, bright and blue (â€Å"Daddy†, 41-44). Plath associates her fathers' German features to Nazi features. This particular comparison also strongly draws upon a militaristic image. As â€Å"Luftwaffe† means Air Force in German, she is quite obviously comparing patriarchy to military. The idea of someone with power over her terrifies Plath. Since patriarchy is seen as oppressive Nazi Germany, Plath sees herself as an oppressed Jew. A sort of walking miracle, my skin Bright as a Nazi lampshade, My right foot A paperweight, My face a featureless, fine Jew linen (â€Å"Lady Lazarus†, 4-9) A few images from the Holocaust are drawn here. Plath places herself in a situation where she is the victim. She draws on the idea of how Jewish people were skinned for lampshades as how badly men treat women. Because of the metaphor she uses, Plath's poetry has sparked some serious debate. Many critics state that the use of Nazi Germany in that metaphor is very inappropriate. By using Nazi Germany as a metaphor for patriarchy, Plath accomplishes nothing, save to belittle the Holocaust. The Holocaust is the single worst event in the history of human civilization. Its uniqueness is what set it apart from other tragic events in our history. Yet some argue that if it is inappropriate to use Nazi Germany as a metaphor, then other events, such as slavery could be excluded as well. Slavery of blacks is another tragic event that can be used as a metaphor. However, it is this writer's opinion that there is too great a difference between the slavery of blacks and the Holocaust. If one looks at statistics for the death of slaves and compare it to statistics for the death of Jewish people, one will see that the numbers are relatively similar. The difference lies in the fact that the slave totals come from many years, while Jewish total are only from five years. While slavery was still common, it was possible for a slave to escape relative harm; He (or she) could follow all the rules and be treated as well as other livestock. During the Holocaust there were no rules for Jewish people to follow. There was no such thing as a good Jew, and they were all treated worse than animals. Given the evidence of Plath's poetry, it is quite evident that she did not fully understand the atrocities of the Holocaust. Her knowledge only extended to that which most people already knew. And therefore she was not fully informed of the subject of which she trivialized. However, other critics defend Plath's use of the metaphor by reinforcing that fact that it is simply a metaphor, and is doing what it should. It is a common argument that sometimes a metaphor is simply a metaphor. The purpose of a metaphor is to compare two completely unrelated ideas, to shock the audience into looking at the intended subject in a new light. Rose, a critic of Plath, says that she uses the shocking imagery of comparing the Holocaust to patriarchy to entice strong reactions from the reader, and if one dismissed her comparison, then one can be expected to dismiss the very idea of a metaphor. To dictate what ideas can and can't be used in metaphor negates all metaphors. The Holocaust is not alone in the history of tragic events. If one argues that the Holocaust was horrible, one should also accept that there are other horrific occurrences. Mass slaughters are not an uncommon part of ancient history. During the time of Nero Caesar, Christians who would not bow down to the likeness of the Caesar were thrown into lion pits to be killed. African slaves, who did not obey every order of their masters, were beaten. European explorers who first explored the Americas, killed countless natives, and brought more over seas to become slaves. If one wishes to look at statistics, the number of people killed in the Holocaust, is almost the same as the number of women killed through patriarchal society. Sylvia Plath was a poet who wrote her poems for others to read. Her metaphor of comparing patriarchy to Nazi Germany is used to shock audiences into seeing the severity of oppression that women face. However, to achieve this shock, she lessens the impact of the Holocaust. Many defend that Plath is simply using a metaphor the way it should be used. In this writer's opinion, because Plath used the Holocaust just to shock readers, is why she is belittling it. If she wrote the way Anne Sexton did before being published – that is, for personal reasons – this writer would not have a problem. As it is, the comparison was written for all to see. By being so public in her trivialization of that happened to the Jewish people, Plath's only accomplishment is to embarrass herself with writing that isn't poor, but shows a decided lack of judgement.

Internationalisation and the European Nation State Essay

Question 1 It is undeniable that the state of world affairs has dramatically evolved since the end of the Second World War. More specifically, the surge of development in IT has been the chief reason that our world has become less a mosaic of nation-states and more a melting pot of societies, cultures, and associations whereby nation-states are inevitably bound to trans-national phenomena. As Cox notes, â€Å"globalization [generates] a more complex multi-level world political system, which implicitly challenges the old Westphalian assumption that ‘a state is a state is a state'† (Cox, in Pierson, p.181). This work shall support this notion of globalization by highlighting two problems from Pierson, namely decreased anarchy in the global political arena, and the influence of the global economy on nation-states. These issues will be defined and then discussed in relation to Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s conceptions of Realist democracy and Communitarian democracy respectively. Decreased anarchy refers to the marginalization of the autonomy of nation-states in the international order. The growing interdependence between nations across the globe has resulted in a redirection of respective national interests towards the sphere of global rather than domestic (Pierson 174). What this means for realist democracy is a skewed orientation of political candidates; they become no longer dedicated to domestic issues but those of an international nature instead. The problem with this lies in the fact that the success of the Realist democratic concept (in Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s view) is dependent upon the competition of political leaders to win approval (via votes) from the citizens. There is a problem if politicians win a seat in office with a platform claiming to be ‘for the people,’ and then redirect their interests after election to the international sphere. The welfare of the citizens is left on the sidelines in place of external issues, and the fruits of Realist democracy are not enjoyed by the people who voted for it, thus the legitimacy of the democratic process diminishes. This is especially a danger in realist democracy since representation by political actors replaces active participation by the citizens; â€Å"[Realist democracy] thus does not entail, cannot entail, governance by the people in a real sense. It can only entail the people having the possibility to accept or reject pretenders, i.e. elect those that govern† (Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3). These elected representatives, are in turn subjected to a political framework where, â€Å"†¦international institutions, conventions and regimes moderate the extent to which inter-state relations can be conceived as genuinely and ‘actively’ anarchic† (Pierson 175). Thus, the validity of Realist democracy is compromised seeing as though anarchy is its cornerstone. Similarly, Communitarian democracy is also restricted by the over-arching nature of the international order. Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s conception of Communitarian democracy requires nations to be able to pursue interests in a collective manner, with its citizens as an intrinsic part of the democracy (Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 11). There is a great emphasis placed on compromise – a sort of give and take to realize the maximum of individual ideals in a collective manner. This sort of idyllic outlook on forming a democratic community would be difficult to practice even in the small, cohesive communities of Ancient Greece. The decreased anarchy of the international order today magnifies the difficulty of assimilating different people, groups, and ideas under a collective banner. To imagine what Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ refers to as a ‘homelike community’ seems like a far stretch seeing that an increasingly interdependent world melds such a sheer mass of different people, outlooks, and traditions. The scale of interdependency in today’s world most certainly underpins the ‘homelike’ values necessary for effective Communitarian democracy especially where individuals’ interests are drawn outside the domestic sphere. Perhaps the most influential factor working against the Westphalian concept of global politics is the nature of modern global markets. Today, domestic economies cannot escape the forces of the international economy (Pierson 171). As Cox notes, â€Å"†¦economic globalization has placed constraints upon the autonomy of states and, increasingly, states must become the instruments for adjusting national economic activities to the exigencies of the global economy† (Cox, in Pierson 179). This excerpt makes a direct reference to a lessening of state autonomy due to global economies. For this reason, it is clear that Realist democracy is challenged by the world’s economy and market forces that compromise autonomy. The economic implications of globalization mirror those associated with decreased anarchy; for example, if economic reforms are made to comply with the international system, this results in states focusing on international economic policies over domestic ones. The working class will most certainly lose out to those who hold political positions – the elites, who will mold economic reforms around the international order and, more often than not, their own interests. For Communitarian democracies, global economics impedes the possibility of creating cohesive and collective communities. With economic concerns subjected to the influences of global markets, Communitarian democracies cannot set there own economic agenda. Moreover, the Communitarian ideal of setting a collective goal as to what the ‘good life’ should be is nearly impossible since the international economic order infiltrates domestic affairs. As Pierson notes, â€Å"In practice, state organizations have multiple points of interaction with both domestic and trans-national actors and these interactions are very far from disclosing a single and unified will† (Pierson 185). By imposing an influence on states, global market forces combat the Communitarian ideal of forming a collective vision of the ‘good life.’ Chapter 8 of Holden, entitled The United Nations as an agency of global democracy (Falk) and Chapter 10, Global civil society and the democratic prospect (Archibugi, Balduini, Donati) both focus on the idea of strengthening and broadening the influence of civil society to combat (what Falk refers to as) globalization-from-above. The Archibugi, Balduini, and Donati text focuses on the Agenda proposed by Boutros Boutros-Ghali, which in turn places a large focus on the democratization of the international community as the key to better international relations. The Realist conception of democracy would embrace this sort of change. With a system that provides â€Å"a relevant representation of society† and de-monopolizes intergovernmental relations as the sole means of international relations, the citizenry of the world will realize a new possibility to voice concerns on an international level (Archibugi et al, in Holden 137). For people in Realist democracies this means that political involvement that was once only a mere ‘handing-over of power’ to a representative is now a legitimate voice to be heard beyond the confines of the state. An important feature of Ghali’s vision was the creation of UN Regional Organizations that would cater to civil society and make civil interests a higher priority. Falk’s concept of stronger social activism (globalization-from-below) to combat global market forces (globalization-from-above) would assist the Communitarian goal of correcting the growing imbalance between private and public goods (Falk, in Holden 163,173). Communitarians would support the equalizing aspects of this arrangement since it would contribute better to the philosophy of allowing a community to form its objectives without external influences. For Falk, the reformation of states to find a better balance, â€Å"†¦between the logic of capital and priorities of its peoples† is paramount in the effort to promote more effective democracy. In both the Communitarian and Realist views, a reform of the international political order in this manner would be a step in the right direction. BIBLIOGRAPHY Goldmann, Kjell, 2001. Transforming the European Nation-State. London: Sage Publications. Holden, Barry (ed.), 2000. Global Democracy. London: Routledge. Pierson, Christopher, 1996. The Modern State. London: Routledge. Stevenson, Nick, 1999. The Transformation of the Media: Globalization, Morality, and Ethics. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Swedish Government, 2002. The Swedish Government’s EU Policy Goals for 2002.

Investigate peoples judgement of measurements Essays

Investigate peoples judgement of measurements Essays Investigate peoples judgement of measurements Essay Investigate peoples judgement of measurements Essay I have decided to investigate peoples judgement of measurements as the subject for my Statistics Coursework. Before starting this experiment I needed to define guidelines that would establish the fairness of the tests method of assessment. The method I chose to fulfil this requirement was to: 1. Place the test candidates at one end of a table with their eyes level with the table-top 2. Ask the candidates to look horizontally across the table at a pin located at a fixed position in the middle of a sheet of graph-paper [see diagram 1]. 3. Require the candidate to mark (on the graph-paper) that distance where they thought the pin was located (firstly marking using their right hand, and then their left). Viewing, per hand, is firstly using both eyes followed by each eye individually, right first. The difference between the estimated and the actual position of the target pin is measured for each of the eye conditions. These 3 results are added together to give the final result. This method creates two problems: 1. How the candidate should mark the point which they feel is in line with the pin. I have chosen to use a pin as a marker since I feel it both represents the object they were viewing and gives a greater degree of accuracy than a pencil mark. 2. How far to the side from the target pin should the candidate mark the graph-paper. The closer to the pin they are allowed to get, the less individual judgement is involved and the more likely cheating will occur. To combat these effects I have elected to enforce a minimum of 100mm between the target pin and the candidates mark. 3. Candidates must keep their eyes at the level of the tabletop The experimental set up is shown in Figure 1. The results of the individual estimates will be recorded and compiled into a computer database. Figure 1 : Experimental Set up Hypothesis To predict outcomes in an investigation such as this is very difficult as individuals vary markedly in their ability to judge distances. However a few predictions are possible albeit rather sketchy and basic. I predict: 1. whether the individual is right or left handed will have no effect on judgement of distance 2. individuals who wear spectacles, other than for reading, will have better judgement when wearing those spectacles than without 3. on average girls will be more accurate than boys because girls tend to be more precise, thoughtful and careful There will be individual anomalies to the above predictions as peoples judgement is a personal attribute and also luck will be a random factor. Sample 1 Data: Right or Left handedness I have calculated from the database that there are 25 left handed and 150 right handed people. As this is a ratio of 1:6 then to have equal sample populations I have sampled every sixth right handed person. Each candidates three results, using both eyes individually and together, when using both their right and left hand have been recorded, and the sums of results are displayed in this table. Table 1 Distance estimates in mm (sum of estimates from left, right and both eyes) Right handed people Left handed people Right hand Left hand Right hand Left hand 22.5 44 98 35 63 31 21 17 43 42 45 26 83 73 36 48 81 50 25.5 46 38 115 4 9 7 7 42 54 46 24 13 30 82 59 24 22 43 9 23 21 0 2 53 100 10.5 20 34 30 15 12 31 11 50 34 34.5 5 34 18.5 40 33 21 28 25 22 32 31 56 61 78 22 10 30 13 47 18 12 22 24 16 36 39 22 42 53 40 29 28 7 29 36 3 3.5 38 17 94 75 17 23 36 53 TOTAL: 947 819.5 852 839.5 MEAN: 37.88 32.78 34.08 33.58 My initial inspection of Table 1 results suggested that the average results in each column supported my first prediction that there would be no significant difference between right or left handed people. However inspection of the component results reveals such a wide spread of values that such a conclusion is unsafe. I have therefore decided to display my results in a stem and leaf diagram. From this presentation I can calculate inter-quartile ranges and transfer the data into a box and whisker'(see Fig 2 and Fig 3) Table 2 Stem and Leaf diagram for Right handed people Right hand estimates Left hand estimates 7,0 0 2,7,9 7,5,3,0.5 1 2,7,8.5 9,2.5,2,1 2 0,2,2,3,4,4,8,9 9,8,8,4,2 3 1,1,4,6 6,3,3,0 4 2,4,7 0 5 0,9 3 6 8 7 3 3,2,1 8 9 10 11 5 1QR: (25 + 1) = 6.5 4 1QR: (25 + 1) = 6.5 4 Therefore 48 19 = 29 Therefore 43 19.25 = 23.75 Median = 38 Median = 28 Mean = 37.88 Mean = 32.78 Table 3 Stem and Leaf diagram for Left handed people Right hand estimates Left hand estimates 4,3 0 3.5,5,7,9 8,6,3,0 1 1,2,7 8,5.5,5,4,3,1 2 1,2,2,6 6,6,4.5,4,1 3 0,0,0,3,5,6 5,2,2,0 4 6,8 6,3 5 3,4 6 1 7 5 8 8,4 9 10 0 1QR: (25 + 1) = 6.5 4 1QR: (25 + 1) = 6.5 4 Therefore 42 19.5 = 22.5 Therefore 47 14.5 = 32.5 Median = 31 Median = 30 Mean = 34.08 Mean = 33.58 Sample 2 Data: Effect of wearing spectacles To test my second prediction that those who wear spectacles, other than for reading, will better judge distance whilst wearing their glasses than when not, I will take every candidate who wears spectacles, 30 in total, and compare their data measured both with and without their spectacles on. Again this test used three estimates ie when using both and individual eyes (right first) but using their favoured hand only for marking. The summed results are displayed in table 4. I will then transfer this data into a scatter graph, plotting data with glasses on against data without. This transfer is to demonstrate whether my prediction is valid. If it is correct there will be a positive correlation and the line of best fit will have a gradient less than 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. The prediction will not have been validated if there is no correlation or a line of best fit is above 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Table 4 Distance judgement of spectacle wearers (sum of 3 estimates in mm) With Glasses on Without Glasses on 14 7 17 38 41 23 20 23 10 8 23.5 33.5 41 42 20 6 9.5 19 4 3 7 7 12 9 3 2 17 8 12 6 15 10.5 13 15 26 15 12 6 11 22 * Denotes anomalous results which have been disregarded for the purposes of the graph, table totals and averages. This was thought a result of seeing the target between tests with and without glasses on. 22 23 21 8 131* 8* 13.5 18.5 44 14 3 9 3 9 20 9 16 20 5 5 TOTAL: 344.5 410.5 MEAN: 11.9 14.2 Sample 3 Data: Girls judgement compared with that of Boys To test whether girls are better judges of distance than boys I will compare every fifth boy and girl results when using their favoured hand. Candidates must not be spectacle wearers, as we would then be introducing another variable. The data shown is the total score of the candidates three estimates using their preferred hand. Table5 Distance judgement by Girls compared with Boys (Sum of estimates mm) Boys Girls 52 81 21 44 13 14 29 6 33 9 19 5 19 20 16 4 22 12 18 50 11 19 20 5 39.5 40 6.5 14 27 6.5 20 16 40 16 20 11 0 11 53 5 1 4 6 12 4 17 76 40 18 3 5 12 59 13 4 11 28 8 27 20 TOTAL: 707 528.5 MEAN: 23.6 17.6 The data from table 5 has been grouped here into a second table 6. The reason for me doing this is so that I am able to then transfer the data in table 6, firstly into a frequency density graph, and then cumulative frequency graphs from table 7. Table 6 Boys vs Girls grouped into 10mm increments Mm Boys(f) Girls(f) x (midpoint) Boys(fx) Girls(fx) 0 10 7 10 5 35 50 -20 10 15 15 150 225 -30 6 0 25 150 0 -40 3 2 35 105 70 -50 0 2 45 0 90 -60 3 0 55 165 0 -70 0 0 65 0 0 -80 1 0 75 75 0 -90 0 1 85 0 85 Sum fx 30 30 ? fx 680 520 Table 7 Cumulative frequency mm Boys Cf Girls Cf 0 10 7 10 0 20 17 25 0 30 23 25 0 40 26 27 0 50 26 29 0 60 29 29 0 70 29 29 0 80 30 29 0 90 30 30 Cf Cumulative frequency Conclusions for Sample 1 1. Whether the individual is right or left handed For this sample I predicted that handedness will have no effect on judgement of distance. I made this prediction because the hands have nothing to do with a candidates judgement of distance, it is their eyes. As you can see from my results this apparently is the case. There is no conclusive difference between Left or Right handed people. There is more variation between the hand being used to estimate than there is between Left or Right handedness. The Right handed sample shows both the best and worst results. Another point that my data sample shows is that in both cases the mean result is less with the left hand (whether that is the candidates preferred hand or not). However this could be explained by the fact that the trial with the candidates left hands was made after that of their right. Because it is after I can put this down to the fact that they have realised if they are aiming too far or falling too short and therefore they adjust using common sense so they improve their score. This is not true in all cases and in future trial the candidates should: a) Not be allowed to stand up between estimates (or potentially view the table). This could be prevented by screening the table top and only having eye holes in the screen at the viewing level. b) Not be told what their previous Right hand result was. This should combat the problem and make the way for a fairer test. To help verify my original prediction, I shall take a different sample of right handed candidates (I can not do this for the left handed people as there arent enough) and repeat the comparison with the original Left Handed results. In this sample, instead of taking every sixth persons results I shall sample every fifth right handed candidates data. The results have been tabulated in Table 8 in the same way as table 1 and the data displayed in the same Stem and Leaf format in Table 9. From the two sets of data I will be able to confirm these conclusions by comparing the data samples. Table 8 2nd Test: Sample 1 Right handed people Left handed people Right hand Left hand Right hand Left hand 6 8 98 35 81 69 21 17 21 23 45 26 22 30 36 48 76 18 25.5 46 11 12 4 9 46 10 42 54 14 2 13 30 10 3 24 22 13 7 23 21 12 12 53 100 16 40 34 30 6 8 31 11 29 32 34.5 5 14 25 40 33 11 49.5 25 22 11 5 56 61 27 17 10 30 5 6 18 12 31 22 16 36 11 25 42 53 4 3 28 7 24 8 3 3.5 60.5 45.5 94 75 42 17 36 53 TOTAL 603.5 497 852 839.5 AVERAGE 24.14 19.88 34.08 33.58 Table 9 2nd Test. Sample 1: Stem and Leaf diagram for Right handed people Right eye Left eye 6,6,5,4 0 2,3,3,5,6,7,8,8,8 6,4,4,3,2,1,1,1,1,0 1 0,2,2,7,7,8 9,7,4,2,1 2 2,3,5,5 1 3 0,2 6,2 4 0,5.5,9.5 5 0.5 6 9 6 7 1 8 1QR: (25 + 1) = 6.5 4 1QR: (25 + 1) = 6.5 4 Therefore 30 11 = 19 Therefore 27.5 7.5 = 20 Median = 14 Median = 17 Mean = 24.14 Mean = 19.88 The Stem and Leaf formats clearly show the shape of the distributions and, because I was comparing the distance from the target point with both the left and right hand I felt it was more explanatory to display the comparison in this way. The data that was displayed in the Stem and Leaf diagrams can be transferred into Box and whisker diagrams to display the spread of data and how it is distributed across the range. The 1st test of sample 1 is shown in Fig 2 for Right handed candidates and Fig 3 for the Left handed. The 2nd test of sample 1 is shown in Fig 4 for Right handed candidates only. These confirm the spread of results is such that any effect of handedness affecting judgement of distance is inconclusive. Conclusions for Sample 2 2. Whether the candidate wears glasses For this example I predicted individuals who wear spectacles, other than for reading, will have better judgement when wearing those spectacles From the table alone it is clear to see that my prediction has been proved correct, this is evident from both the total, and the mean result: With Glasses On Without Glasses On TOTAL: 344.5 410.5 MEAN: 11.9 14.2 It is shown by this that on average spectacle wearers estimates are over 2mm closer with their spectacles on. Despite my predictions being proved correct I am a bit surprised to see that the effect of spectacles is only (on average) 2mm better. I would expect them to have a greater influence. Maybe glasses influence the clearness of objects more the further they are away. Alternatively it may be influenced by the individuals optical deficiency being either long, short or asymmetric. However, as I do not wear spectacles I can not be sure of this effect. As an extension to this I could see who was most greatly influenced on the judgement of distance, long sighted people or short sighted people. Unfortunately the occurrence of suitable sighted candidates from this database would be too small to draw any significant conclusions. The data from Table 4 was plotted as a scatter graph as Figure 5. To transfer the data from table to graph I did not need to draw any other tables or charts. The reason I chose to plot a scatter graph is because I wanted to show whether glasses influenced a persons judgement of measurement. I knew that if the line of best fit was of less than 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ gradient my prediction would be proved correct. This proved to be the case although considerable scatter (variability of results) was evident. Conclusions for Sample 3 3. Girls are more accurate than boys For this sample I predicted that on average girls will be more accurate than boys because girls tend to be more precise and careful From the table 5 it is evident once more that my prediction has been proved correct as shown by both the total, and the mean: Boys Girls TOTAL: 707 528.5 MEAN: 23.6 17.6 The results show that girls are (from the mean result) 6mm better than boys. From the table I have plotted the following graphs: Fig 6 Frequency density diagrams, showing the spread of data across the range for both male and female candidates, this also made a comparison possible. Figs 7 Cumulative frequency diagram, displaying how the frequency changes as the data values increase. I could also use this to get a closer value for the median. From Fig 6 it is evident that there is a higher frequency density of closer estimates for girls than boys. This is followed by a lower frequency density for the girls than boys, further away from the target. This is more apparent from Fig 7 where the girls cumulative frequency is well separated from the boys I am able, in this case, to take another sample (as there are enough boy and girl candidates) and confirm or disprove my prediction and first set of results. If this second sample agreed with my first I could conclude that my prediction is true. On the other hand if this second sample went against my prediction I could investigate this further, possibly by creating a different database. The results of this second test are shown in Table 10. 2nd Test: Sample 3 Table 10 Distance judgement by Girls compared with Boys (Sum of estimates mm) Boys Girls 6 8 4 20 13 13 29 6 33 8 19 13 19 23 16 12 22 50 4 4 3 34 63 5 20 10 42 6.5 24 16 13 16 13 11 12 11 3 31 53 12 1 5 34 20 44 19 15 5 46 40 10 14 35 3 39 10 14 12 7 14 TOTAL: 656 451.5 MEAN: 21.8667 15.05 Boys(fx) Girls(fx) Sum Boys (fx) Sum Girls (fx) 0 10 8 11 8 11 -20 10 14 18 25 -30 3 1 21 26 -40 4 3 25 29 -50 3 1 28 30 -60 1 0 29 30 -70 1 0 30 30 -80 0 0 30 30 -90 0 0 30 30 Sum fx 30 30 The cumulative frequency for this data has been plotted in Fig 8 with a similar result to that shown in Fig 7. The results appear so consistent I have compared both sets of girls data in Fig 9 and of boys in Fig 10. As can be seen, the respective lines of best fit agree very well between the tests. This would indicate also that the investigation on the whole was a success, due to the consistency shown throughout the data. Overall Conclusions I have carried out three tests of candidates Judgement of Distance. By summing the three estimates, using both eyes together and the eyes individually, I have eliminated any preference candidates may have for a favoured viewing technique. Usually both eyes together by focusing on a single target from two sides should give a better estimate than each of the eyes used individually. This would enable an extension to the work by comparing estimates using each of the three viewing conditions. The tests I applied examined: * Firstly, the effect of an individuals handedness. My measurements, including a repeat second test, when analysed by tables of comparison, stem and leaf and box and whisker diagrams confirmed my prediction 1. There is no conclusive difference dependant on handedness. There was however considerable individual variability between candidates confirming my hypothesis that estimation of distance is an individual attribute. * Secondly, estimates of distance by candidates requiring spectacles would be better when wearing their spectacles than when not. My measurements did indicate estimation of distance was better when wearing their spectacles. A line of best fit from a scatter graph supported this conclusion although again there was considerable variation of estimates. * Thirdly, that girls would be better than boys at estimating distances. My measurements, including a second test, clearly supported this conclusion. The results were probably the most conclusive of all the tests. Superimposed graphs of the two tests for the Boys and Girls showed very good reproducibility of these results although individual estimates varied widely in both groups. However the Boys showed the greatest variation further supporting the conclusion that, on average, girls are better at estimating distance. Whilst the indications are all my predictions have been shown to be apparently correct, the degree of variability from individual results makes absolute conclusions difficult. In any extension of the work I would try and increase the size of the test population database. This would increase the confidence in the conclusions.

Background of Saudi Aramco Essays

Background of Saudi Aramco Essays Background of Saudi Aramco Essay Background of Saudi Aramco Essay The story of Aramco’s beginnings and the journey the company has taken to become the largest oil company in the world is as remarkable as the journey that has brought Saudi Arabia to its current standing in the community of nations. Aramco is a company characterized by resilience and the courage to take bold steps that have made it a key player in global energy security (Saudi Aramco 2012). The journey of the company is tied to the transformation the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has undergone to become a modern-nation state and a key player in the geopolitical sphere of not only the Arab world but also globally. Having began as merely an oil producing companies that was no different from other companies in the industry at the time, Aramco has steadily grown to become the fully integrated global energy enterprise that it is today with partnerships spreading to various parts of the world including Asia, Europe and North America (Saudi Aramco 2012). Aramco’s journey began with the signing of an oil concession agreement with the Standard Oil Company of California on May 29, 1933 which paved way for the beginning of aerial surveys the following year. In 1935, the first oil well was drilled and a new pier was erected at al-Khobar at a time when more proven oil finds were located in Bahrain, Iraq and Persia. In 1936, the Texas Co. made a 50% acquisition of the concession and launched operations in Bahrain. By 1939, various wells had been drilled and for the first time, an oil tanker transported the first load of petroleum from Saudi Arabia. Aramco was officially on its way to becoming the corporation it is today (Saudi Aramco 2012). By the beginning of the 1940s, the company was producing about 15,000 bpd and its workforce had grown to nearly 4,000. 1940 began with the discovery of the Abqaiq oil field but during the early years of the 1940s, the company faced some difficulties including the closure of its refinery at Ras Tanura in 1941 and suspension of field mapping in 1942. 1943 witnessed growth of innovation in the oil and gas industry due to the shortages occasioned by the World War II and Casoc was renamed Aramco in 1944 with headquarters in San Francisco and an amazing journey of remarkable growth began. As of 1949, Aramco had increased its productivity to 500,000 bpd. In 1946, the company commissioned its administration building in Dhahran and the decade ended with the completion of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline enabling Saudi Arabia to export its oil through the Mediterranean Sea (Saudi Aramco 2012). In 1951, the Safaniya offshore oil field was discovered and the following year, Aramco moved its headquarters to Dhahran. In 1954, the company’s production reached 1 million bpd transforming Aramco into an oil production powerhouse (Saudi Aramco 2012). Exploration work at Rub’ al-Khali began in 1955 and by 1958; the company’s production had topped 1 million bpd. The close of the 1950’s saw two Saudi nationals joining Aramco board as more Saudis assumed managerial positions within the company. In 1961, the company hit yet another milestone when it exported liquefied gas from its Ras Tanura facility for the first time. By 1962, production of crude oil had hit the 5 billion barrels mark and the following year, the company patented its oil sweetening technology. In 1965, Aramco’s oil production reached 2 million bpd and the discovery of the Shaybah oil field further boosted the company’s productivity. The company closed the decade with the commissioning of an offshore gas-oil separation plant at the Safaniya oil field, the first of its kind in the history of Aramco (Saudi Aramco 2012). Photo 2: Aramco’s first offshore gas-oil separation plant at the Safaniya oil field commisioned in 1969 [Source: Aramco] During the 1970s, the Saudi Government began the acquisition process aimed at changing Aramco into a fully government owned company or a national oil corporation (NOC). It is a decade that would witness rapid growth in the oil and gas industry as Aramco was operating three of the largest oil and gas projects in the world (Saudi Aramco 2012). The company had officially taken the lead in oil and gas production and taken its rightful place in the global energy security landscape. In 1973, the Government acquired a 25% stake in Aramco followed by a further acquisition of 35% in 1974 bringing the Government’s ownership of the Aramco to 60%. The same year, the Ju’aymah offshore crude oil terminal was commisioned and in 1976, Aramco became the first oil company in the world to reach an output of 3 billion barrels in one year, a fete that had not been achived by any other company (Saudi Aramco 2012). In 1980, the Saudi Government completed acquisition of the remaining 40% ownership of Aramco but the decline in oil prices would force the company to rethinkk its strategy (Saudi Aramco 2012). By this time, the governemt owned 100% stake at Aramco and despite the hardships in the global oil market, Aramco made significant strides. For example, the Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center (EXPEC) was opened in 1983. Having fully acquired the company, the Saudi Government transformed Aramco into Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco) and in 1989, the company found oil at Hawtah marking the beginning of a decade that would witness massive invention and investment in the oil and gas industry (Saudi Aramco 2012). Picture 3: Aramco’s Operations Coordination Center, the largest of its kind in the Oil and Gas industry [Source: Aramco] Aramco began its expansion strategy in earnest with the 1991 acquisition of a 35% stake in S-oil refinery and harbor, Onsan, Republic of Korea (Saudi Aramco 2012). The following year, the company’s exploration efforts yielded discovery of oil in the central part of the country having drilled its first well at Midyan. In 1993, Aramco’s merger with Samarec was completed and the following year, Aramco acquired a 40% stake in Petron, a company based in the Philippines and in 1996, Aramco entered its first European joint venture. In 1999, the company completed the refurbishment of the Ras Tanura refinery before opening a Research Development Center (RDC) to spearhead innovation in the oil and gas sector (Saudi Aramco 2012). Picture 4: Refurbished and upgraded Ras Tanura refinery [Source: Aramco] During the 2000s, Aramco established partnerships with various international companies with focus on gas production as well as patenting of technology developed by the company’s RDC. On top of this, Aramco embarked on the largest capital expansion in the company’s history aimed at ensuring stability and reliability. To this end, the company commissioned Hawiyah gas plant in 2001 and in the following year, Aramco acquired Texaco’s stake in Motiva (Saudi Aramco 2012). This was followed by the opening of the Haradh gas plant in 2003 before further expansion plans in 2004 led to rge acquiition of stake in Showa Shell which enabled the company to raise its output by a further 800 thousand bpd. In 2005, Aramco entered into a joint venture with Sumitomo Chemical Company. 2007 saw Aramco enter into yet another equity venture, this time in China with the Fujian Refining and Petrochemical Co. Ltd. In 2008, Aramco celebrated its 75th year in the oil and gas industry and the following year, the company completed its expansion program raising its capacity to 12 million bpd (Saudi Aramco 2012) but with actual production averaging 9. 1 million bpd in 2011.

SAT Score Tables - Compare Admissions Data for Colleges

SAT Score Tables - Compare Admissions Data for Colleges Below youll find links to dozens of articles that can help you put your SAT scores in context for a wide range of colleges and universities. Always keep in mind that the SAT is just one part of your application, and less-than-ideal scores dont need to torpedo your chances of admission if you have strengths in other areas. Top College and University SAT Tables: See how the countrys most prestigious colleges and universities compare on the SAT front (or you can check out the ACT comparison charts). The Ivy LeagueTop Universities (non-Ivy)Top 10 Liberal Arts CollegesTop 10 Public Universities22 More Top Public UniversitiesTop Public Liberal Arts CollegesTop Engineering Schools (PhD Granting)Top Engineering Schools (Bachelors and Masters)Top Womens CollegesTop Catholic Colleges and Universities State University SAT Data: Admissions criteria vary widely from campus to campus within state university systems. These charts can help you find schools that match your SAT scores. Alabama: Four-Year Alabama Colleges and UniversitiesAlaska: Four-Year Alaska Colleges and UniversitiesArizona: Four-Year Arizona Colleges and UniversitiesArkansas: Four-Year Arkansas Colleges and UniversitiesCalifornia: Cal State SystemCalifornia: UC SystemCalifornia: Top California Colleges and UniversitiesColorado: Four-Year Colorado CollegesConnecticut: Four-Year Colleges and UniversitiesDelaware: Four-Year Delaware Colleges and UniversitiesDistrict of Columbia: Four-Year Washington D.C. Colleges and UniversitiesFlorida: State University SystemFlorida: Top Florida Colleges and UniversitiesGeorgia: Top Georgia Colleges and UniversitiesHawaii: Four-Year Hawaii Colleges and UniversitiesIdaho: Four-Year Idaho Colleges and UniversitiesIllinois: Top Illinois Colleges and UniversitiesIndiana: 15 Top Indiana Colleges and UniversitiesIowas: Four-Year Iowa Colleges and UniversitiesKansas: Four-Year Kansas Colleges and UniversitiesKentucky: Four-Year Kentucky Colleges and UniversitiesLouisia na: Four-Year Louisiana Colleges and Universities Maine: Four-Year Maine Collegs and UniversitiesMaryland: Top Maryland Collegs and UniversitiesMassachusetts: Top Massachusetts Collegs and UniversitiesMichigan: 13 Top Michigan Colleges and UniversitiesMinnesota: 13 Top Minnesota Colleges and UniversitiesMississippi: Four-Year Mississippi Colleges and UniversitiesMissouri: 12 Top Missouri Colleges and UniversitiesMontana: Four-Year Montana Colleges and UniversitiesNebraska: Four-Year Nebraska Colleges and UniversitiesNevada: Four-Year Nevada Colleges and UniversitiesNew Hampshire: New Hampshire Colleges and UniversitiesNew Jersey: Four-Year New Jersey Colleges and UniversitiesNew Mexico: Four-Year New Mexico Colleges and UniversitiesNew York: CUNY Senior CollegesNew York: SUNY SystemNew York: Top New York Colleges and UniversitiesNorth Carolina: 16 Public UniversitiesNorth Carolina: Top North Carolina Colleges and UniversitiesNorth Dakota: Four-Year North Dakota Colleges and UniversitiesOhio: 10 Top Ohio Colleges and UniversitiesOhio : 13 University System of Ohio campuses Oklahoma: Four-Year Oklahoma Colleges and UniversitiesOregon: Selective Oregon Colleges and UniversitiesPennsylvania: Top Pennsylania Colleges and UniversitiesRhode Island: Four-Year Rhode Island Colleges and UniversitiesSouth Carolina: Four-Year South Carolina Colleges and UniversitiesSouth Dakota: Four-Year South Dakota Colleges and UniversitiesTennessee: Top Tennessee Collegs and UniversitiesTexas: 13 Top Texas Colleges and UniversitiesUtah: Four-Year Utah Colleges and UniversitiesVermont: Four-Year Vermont Colleges and UniversitiesVirginia: 15 Public UniversitiesVirginia: 17 Top Virginia Colleges and UniversitiesWashington: 11 Top Washington Colleges and UniversitiesWest Virginia: Four-Year West Virginia Colleges and UniversitiesWisconsin: Four-Year Wisconsin Colleges and Universities SAT Scores for Division I Athletic Conferences: For students interested in the excitement of Division I sports, these charts make some of the admissions distinctions between universities clear. America East ConferenceAtlantic 10 ConferenceAtlantic Coast ConferenceAtlantic Sun ConferenceBig East ConferenceBig Sky ConferenceBig South ConferenceBig Ten ConferenceBig 12 ConferenceConference USA (C-USA)Horizon LeagueMetro Atlantic Athletic ConferenceMid-American ConferenceMissouri Valley ConferenceMountain West ConferenceNortheast ConferenceOhio Valley ConferencePac 12Â  ConferenceSoutheastern ConferenceSouthern ConferenceSun Belt ConferenceWestern Athletic Conference More SAT Information: Here are some more articles to help you make sense of the SAT. Whats a Good SAT Score?What Schools Dont Require Scores?When is the SAT?Should I use SAT Score Choice?What Schools Require SAT Subject Tests?Are SAT Prep Courses Worth the Cost?Does the SAT Writing Section Matter?

Change theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Change theory - Assignment Example As such, people have to be made aware of the proposed changes and benefits and develop higher efficiency in them through motivation and in-depth understanding of the situation. Exchange of information and communication forms the key component of nursing and patient care. Bedside handovers constitute an essential part of this process whereby nurses provide relevant and latest patient information and health data to other nurses resuming the second or the third shift. Traditionally, bedside handovers comprised majorly of in-charge nurses providing the details. However, it lacked individualized care, psychosocial components of nursing and in a way; two-way interaction was absent (Chaboyer et al. 2009). Another shortcoming is the requirement of in-charge nurse to be present to handover the clinical details to the resuming nurse. But sometimes, it leads to irrelevant and outdated details which cause dissatisfaction among patients that they are not being properly taken care of. Further, information was not available to others involved who might need it any time and can have access even without the presence of the nurse in-charge. This calls for a change in the practice of bedside handovers whereby the way of reporting and communicating patient clinical information has to be addressed (Chaboyer et al. 2009). Apart from verbal information, it will take into account other modes which can deliver information on the current status of patients, better bed side reporting techniques and more personalized attention to the patients (Appendix 1). Various theories are applied to various planned changes. However, all change theories are not standard fit that can be applied on every project. As for this case, the need for change has been recognized by the management which has to be communicated to the nurses and patients first. Though there are several change models like Lewin’s model of unfreezing, moving and freezing; Lippitt’s Theory of introducing a

A field trip to Point Reyes National Seashore and Lighthouse Assignment

A field trip to Point Reyes National Seashore and Lighthouse - Assignment Example California Highway 1 is one of the routes one can take people to the Point Reyes lighthouse. Highway 1 passes through very fragile hillsides in Big Sur region and one gets the impression that they might be trapped in a rock or mud slide. The area between Gorda and Lucia seems to have the most delicate hillsides. California Highway one is classified as one of the most dangerous highways in the state and consequently the state has set several safety rules for drivers using this road; the road meanders through the landscape. It also passes around the edges of steep slopes and this makes it seem even more dangerous. Point Reyes National Seashore is full of numerous wonderful features. The place has no mountains but is hilly. Other interesting features are windswept the beach, marshes, estuaries, coastal scrub grassland, and coniferous forests. Forested ridges are very beautiful as I could view vast regions from a single point. River Trail passes near the Point Reyes National Seashore. It is a source of drinking water to wild animals living around the area but also decorates the landscape. In the Point Reyes National park, there are numerous plant varieties and animal species. Of all these, I found the deer the most interesting. There are three deer species which are black-tailed deer, tule elk and fallow deer. They are very interesting to watch as they run up and down in the field. It is very easy to distinguish the three species from a distance as they have clear distinguishing features. The fallow deer is non-native as it was imported from the Californian mainland. It is the most beautiful of all with well combined white and brown colors. They are well adapted to the ecosystem and they make the entire environment beautiful. Driving through the beautiful landscape made me seem to have reached the end of my tour but when I reached the lighthouse, everything changed. It was clear from a

Black-Figure Amphora with Scenes of Apollo Entertaining Dionysus and Research Paper

Black-Figure Amphora with Scenes of Apollo Entertaining Dionysus and Hermes, and Theseus Killing the Minotaur located at the Chr - Research Paper Example Apollo is standing between Hermes and Dionysus, who are seated in folding stools. Apollo is playing the kithara or the lyre in between the two. The lyre seems to be an award for musical competition. The artwork was made in Athens between 530-520 BC (Chrysler Museum Website). The arts are a result of Greek myths. The artworks are categorized under the Terracota Gift of the Mowbray Arch Society 2003. They are in the 18th floor room a & b. The art shows Hermes, who is also referred to as the messenger god having some wings attached to his shins. At the left, there is Dionysus seated, who is the fertility god. He also serves as the wine god. He has been saved as an infant by Hermes (Chrysler Museum Website). The other side of the arrangement is the Athenian hero known as Theseus. The hero is locked in a mortal combat with Minotaur. Minotaur is a beast that has the body of a human being, but the head of a bull. He looks very scary and monstrous. In addition, there are two maidens that are looking at Theseus. They are keen on what Theseus is doing: he is decapitating blood spurts and Minotaur from the neck of Minotaur. According to the existing Greek legend, Theseus, who is a son to King of Athens, Aegeus, had volunteered to be among the seven young me and maidens that were annually sent to the city of Athens to be used as Crete’s tribute and were to be sacrificed to the Minotaur. Theseus, instead of becoming a victim, killed the beast and ended up rescuing all his companions. The artist of the mentioned artworks applied Lysippides’ painter manner. The overall dimensions of the figures are 16.5 inch, which is an equivalent of 41.9 centimeters. The object number of the arts is 2003.18. The art gallery is 114 (Chrysler Museum Website). I chose the above artwork due to the thrilling and mythical story behind it. I am familiar with the story and choosing this artwork would actually provide me with more detailed information about it than what I already knew. Minos, the King hated the Athenians because they killed his son. In order to revenge, he ordered the sending of the Athenian youths to Crete to feed the Minotaur – the half bull and half man. He used to live in the labyrinth under the King’s palace. King Aegeus was very angry and sworn that he would go by himself and kill the Minotaur, however, his son, Thaseus went. The drama reached its peak when King Minos’ daughter, Ariadne, fell in love with Theseus and went ahead to help him in the fight. She sneaked past the several guards and gave Theseus a sword and a long ball of string. Theseus entered the maze, eventually loosing the string. He came to the Minotaur’s lair and had a ferocious and terrible battle with the monstrous Minotaur. He won the battle and the Minotaur died. Later, he found his way out the terrible maze by following the string trail (Connor 132). The above interesting Greek myth served as a motivation towards my desire to know more about the artwork related to it, hence the choice. Besides the narrative behind the artwork, the efficiency and the expertness of the creator of the artwork also played a big role as a factor that influenced my decision to choose this particular artwork a lot. The artist has used expressive lines in the creation of the photo. This is because the picture portrays, in a detailed manner, the intention, or the target of the artist who created it. In artwork, expressive lines serve the purpose of revealing or depicting the artist’

Fire Department Safety Officer Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fire Department Safety Officer - Article Example This means that at this stage the Incident Commander is reactive in the delegation of his fire fighter duties (Dodson, 2007, p.56). Therefore if an Incident officer is going to make the much needed difference in the fire scene, the delegation of such safety functions need to be proactive. The concept of proactive ISO response therefore entails the pre-planning of an ISO response to cover the essential details of an efficient ISO system (Dodson, 2007, p.57). A fire department ought to practice this method in order to firstly ensure that it streamlines its efficiency practices. This will be best achieved by creating operational frameworks that aim to reduce the impacts of disasters by prevention rather than those that aim to clean up the messes once they have occurred. A proactive response is better because it helps in the preparedness of the department to cope with emerging challenges. This it does by preparing the incident commanders to have contingency measures in place for any eventual outcome. Further, a reactive delegation of the ISO hinders effective mobilisation of the resources to respond to the situation as it will be mobilisation after the fact. This encounters challenges of inadequate resources as the required resources might be tied up in other activities. Proactive responses however are better adapted to dealing with such emerging challenges as they are designed to anticipate emergencies and thus resources are readily available to deal with

The Spitfire Grill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Spitfire Grill - Essay Example All the characters in this movie are offered a second chance to establish a turning point in their lives through a reinventing that could change their way of life. In that case, residents of town of Gilead, who are characters in the movie The Spitfire Grill (1996), are offered a second chance. However, this is not taken to be a chance for reviving their difficult lives; in fact, they are expected to reinvent themselves from detestable setting, though they take them as a chance of making excuses for procrastination. One of the characters is Nahum, who is portrayed to be antagonistic in the movie due to the conflicts raised between them and Percy, which leads to Percy’s death. Therefore, Nahum gets a possibility to have a manifestation of his life; in fact, Nahum is portrayed as antagonistic person suffering from mid-age crisis. In fact, he lacks confidence due to his failure in life other than ascendancy, and he is egotistical, sexist who evades taking responsibility of his fai lure not managing his real estate company appropriately. Nonetheless, he is offered a chance to take a self-reflection in the entire movie, but he avoids taking chances of avoiding mistakes. The other character is Aomame considered to be among the three main characters; in fact, he helps The Dowager to terminate the male sexists, who bring mischief to women. She holds a notion that peoples alter their memory instinctively, while others alter their history in a way that alleviates their blunders. In contrast, Murakami maintain that people may be acquainted with their faults in an erroneous way. Furthermore, other groups of people who have consistent behaviors of preventing their mistakes, though this happens if they are not offered a second chance. Nonetheless, through his character, it is evident that only one chance and people how are failures deny themselves a chance to cancel their failure. Analysis of these characters indicates that chances are available to achievers, though the re is no absolute causality between achievement and chances, others depicted to be striving for accomplishment other than waiting for chances. During my high school learning, I had high inspirations of becoming the one of the best performing students; in fact, my parents wished the same. Therefore, this led a decision to wait for a chance and attain this objective. However, there were situations when chances would emerge and I took these chances by getting a better score such as during a test, though there were other instances when I could complain that I did not meet my expectations. In this case, this applies to the situation with Estragon and Vladimir in the absurdist play, who were waiting for a Godot by Samuel Beckett; for instance, Estragon and Vladimir were waiting for a chance to meet with Godot. Ironically, Estragon offers a significant motive underneath the notion that waiting for Godot would be meaningless; in fact, there are chances that Godot will offer them a great opp ortunity, though both Estragon and Vladimir had not met Godot; in fact, this chance had no attribute of bringing achievements, instead it would lead to mischief. In conclusion, this paper focuses on analyzing characters in the movie The Spitfire Grill, who had second chance to reinvent their lives. It is apparent that some took this chance to decline other concentration and evade their mistakes; in fact, others

Postmodernism in Preciousness, Endgame, and The Simpsons Essay

Postmodernism in Preciousness, Endgame, and The Simpsons - Essay Example Lispector allowed the reader to be a part of the text in stating in the beginning of the chapter that: â€Å"And within the mist there was something precious. Which do not extend itself, did not compromise itself nor contaminate itself. Which was intense like a jewel. Herself† (102). Another textual example in the chapter is when Lispector described the reality after the character passed through her imaginative scenes. She described it as: â€Å"When suddenly everything became unimportant and more rapid and light, where her face revealed freckles, her hair fell over her eyes, and where she was treated like a boy† (105). The character disappeared, and the reader became a part of the text as the character’s environment became real again. Lastly, the presence of the reader appeared as she â€Å"dressed hastily and downed her coffee in one gulp. She opened the front door. And then she no longer hurried† (107). This is a manifestation of the duality of silence in Lispector’s work, which is a character of a postmodernist literary artist. This dual structure is a character of her fiction that adds tension to the texts while creating the contextual silence on her works (Fitz 421). In relation to playwrights, postmodernism can be defined as the manner of standing out from the current rules. In this manner, the playwright, along with the artist, works without following the rules because they create the rules while creating the piece per se (Counsell and Wolf 55). It deviates from the usual realism and is considered as an important part of the pre-World War II plays that manifest metaplays. With this on hand, one of the best examples of postmodernist play is the Endgame written by Samuel Beckett. According to Keshavarz, as a postmodernist play, the characters in the Endgame represent a natural form of sadness (140). He presents a modern status of a person who fears and leans on a goddess with bitterness, doubt and indifference. On the ot her hand, it represents the modernity of a selfless person who lacks the stability of his identity but still manifests social awareness. On the part of the audience, Beckett deviates the ideas and views of the audience from the formal work of dram and injecting postmodernism by bringing the audience in the middle of reality and real-play. He believes in the notion of metatheater that the world is a stage. In this manner, the audiences become characters of the play while experiencing the experience of the characters that they have chosen to be. It can be inferred that postmodernism, in the light of the Endgame, tries to eliminate the potential characters of modernism that alienates reality from theater, or vice versa. Therefore, the Endgame eliminates the rules of basic drama and theater and allows rebuilds it in a manner that the play can be grasp juxtaposition with life itself. The postmodernism manner in the Endgame can also be considered as a literary strategy by Beckett by destr oying the irony of a parody (Keshavaraz 140-142; Rahimipoor and Edoyan 102). In the light of television shows, one of the most popular and long-running postmodern shows is The Simpsons. One of the most explicit characteristics of

The Spitfire Grill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Spitfire Grill - Essay Example All the characters in this movie are offered a second chance to establish a turning point in their lives through a reinventing that could change their way of life. In that case, residents of town of Gilead, who are characters in the movie The Spitfire Grill (1996), are offered a second chance. However, this is not taken to be a chance for reviving their difficult lives; in fact, they are expected to reinvent themselves from detestable setting, though they take them as a chance of making excuses for procrastination. One of the characters is Nahum, who is portrayed to be antagonistic in the movie due to the conflicts raised between them and Percy, which leads to Percy’s death. Therefore, Nahum gets a possibility to have a manifestation of his life; in fact, Nahum is portrayed as antagonistic person suffering from mid-age crisis. In fact, he lacks confidence due to his failure in life other than ascendancy, and he is egotistical, sexist who evades taking responsibility of his fai lure not managing his real estate company appropriately. Nonetheless, he is offered a chance to take a self-reflection in the entire movie, but he avoids taking chances of avoiding mistakes. The other character is Aomame considered to be among the three main characters; in fact, he helps The Dowager to terminate the male sexists, who bring mischief to women. She holds a notion that peoples alter their memory instinctively, while others alter their history in a way that alleviates their blunders. In contrast, Murakami maintain that people may be acquainted with their faults in an erroneous way. Furthermore, other groups of people who have consistent behaviors of preventing their mistakes, though this happens if they are not offered a second chance. Nonetheless, through his character, it is evident that only one chance and people how are failures deny themselves a chance to cancel their failure. Analysis of these characters indicates that chances are available to achievers, though the re is no absolute causality between achievement and chances, others depicted to be striving for accomplishment other than waiting for chances. During my high school learning, I had high inspirations of becoming the one of the best performing students; in fact, my parents wished the same. Therefore, this led a decision to wait for a chance and attain this objective. However, there were situations when chances would emerge and I took these chances by getting a better score such as during a test, though there were other instances when I could complain that I did not meet my expectations. In this case, this applies to the situation with Estragon and Vladimir in the absurdist play, who were waiting for a Godot by Samuel Beckett; for instance, Estragon and Vladimir were waiting for a chance to meet with Godot. Ironically, Estragon offers a significant motive underneath the notion that waiting for Godot would be meaningless; in fact, there are chances that Godot will offer them a great opp ortunity, though both Estragon and Vladimir had not met Godot; in fact, this chance had no attribute of bringing achievements, instead it would lead to mischief. In conclusion, this paper focuses on analyzing characters in the movie The Spitfire Grill, who had second chance to reinvent their lives. It is apparent that some took this chance to decline other concentration and evade their mistakes; in fact, others

Roles Women played in the American Revolution Essay

Roles Women played in the American Revolution - Essay Example Women took up various roles and responsibilities during the revolution to support the cause. The most important is that on the battle field. Many women as soldiers fought the war alongside and as fiercely as men. Women fought the war believing that the only reason that must be considered in serving the country was pure patriotism and not anything else. Nancy Hart, Mary Hays, Margaret Corbin, Deborah Sampson are a few examples. Margaret Corbin fought bravely alongside her husband John Corbin. She was a camp follower and had learnt how to load and fire canons. She was on the frontline along with her husband. When her husband got injured she assumed his duties and got injured too. After the war she served at Corps of Invalids at West Point (Nash & Graves, 2000).. Deborah Sampson is another incredible example of a woman fighting the odds to serve the country. She assumed the identity of a man, namely Timothy Thayer, to enlist herself in the army. Soon her identity was discovered. She again later enlisted as Robert Shirtliffe. As Robert Shirtliffe she fought courageously in various battles. Her identity was again discovered when she got injured and was treated by a physician. Soon after, she was discharged honourably from the army (Shmoop, 2010). Mary Hays was a camp follower serving as a water carrier. She, like Margaret Corbin, assumed the duties of her husband when he got injured. Nancy Hart was known for her sharp shooting skills. She shot at British soldiers with deadly accuracy in the Georgia frontier. She was known by the name â€Å"War Woman† (Nash & Graves, 2000). Apart from actively taking part in the battle as soldiers, women also contributed as camp followers. Many women, mostly wives of soldiers, were allowed to travel with the army. They took part in many activities and served as companions to male soldiers, cooks, nurses, etc. They washed the clothes of the soldiers and cooked food for them. They also took care of

Short Story - Suicidal Tendencies Essay Example for Free

Short Story Suicidal Tendencies Essay Jamie stepped into the betting office and instantly a warm blast of hot air hit him and the stink of unwashed bodies and cheap deodorant overpowered his nose so that was all he could smell. He made his way through the smoky haze of cigarette smoke towards the betting counter carefully moving round the leather sofas and chairs and trying not to step in any chewing gum or a half eaten chocolate bar. The guy at the desk looked up at him through the glass and asked, Can I help you sir? Id like to place a bet please he stated. Name please the man at the counter asked and as Jamie replied he tapped it into his database Were sorry but were afraid weve found a problem he whispered quietly What kind of problem? Jamie asked nervously Perhaps youd like to come round he said, opening the door to his left as he spoke and ushered Jamie into the managers office. As the door closed behind him, Jamie took in his surroundings; he was in a large office with a 32-inch plasma screen at one end, a comfortable looking sofa on the wall and a desk with a new computer on it. A man was sitting behind the desk. A middle aged, harassed looking man. He started to speak softly and indicated to Jamie to take a seat on the sofa. Were sorry but based on your credit report, we cant allow you to make any more bets as youre almost in debt But.. please!! Come on youve got to let me get Jamie said, his voice gradually getting louder. Sorry, I wish there was something we could do.. but we cant, sorry I HATE YOU, I WISH YOU WERE DEAD!!! Jamie screamed at the manager, he jumped up and knocked a picture of the wall with his hand then stormed out of the office, knocking over chairs and pushing a 60 year old man over. He felt betrayed and wished his life would end, that was when he decided to commit suicide because he hated life. The manager came out of the betting shop and said to him If you can find i 10 we can allow you bet again as your credit limit will be raised Jamie calmed down then and went of for a walk. Throughout the rest of the day he tried everywhere to get i 10 so he could be allowed to bet again, as it was his passion, he was an addict. Towards the end of the day, Jamie got increasingly frustrated about not being able to find i 10. Eventually he was so angry that he wanted to commit suicide so he went up to the top of a 10 storey car park and as he stood, toes pointing over the edge, poised to jump, he started to come round and decided to back out as he decided he could find the money by other means but then he remembered, the embarrassment he felt in the office and jumped.jumped of the edge. As he hit the ground with a sickening crunch and broke both his legs, blood started to pour out his shirt he saw, next to him, a i 10 note. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

English Based Idioms English Language Essay

English Based Idioms English Language Essay Introduction Language is a major feature of a nation. English language has developed hundreds of thousands of idioms. It has been estimated that about 7,000 idioms are used by a native speakers per week (Cooper, 1999, p. 249). At the same time, grasping idioms can be a great asset to learners in acquiring a new language (Celce-Murcia Larsen-Freeman, 1999, p.36). Idioms are extraordinarily difficult for their flexible structures and figurative meanings (Liu, 2003, p.675). For example, the meaning of high horse has nothing to do with high and horse but means an arrogant people. According to the surface meaning, second language learners can hardly tell its meanings. Also, Language is the most important communication tool. People use language to preserve and transmit human civilization, that is, language conveys the culture. Sapir (1921) observed that culture can be defined as what a human community does and thinks. The function of language is to explain what a thought is. Therefore, language does not exist alone. It is rooted in national culture and reflects national institutions. If culture is regarded as the cradle of language, animal idioms can be seen as the crystallization of culture. Animal idioms are plentiful in English. They prominently reflect English culture. For a long period, studies on animal idioms mainly focus on translation, cross-cultural comparison, literature, etc., such as On the Validity of the Communicative Translation in Idiom Translation from a Cultural Perspective (Wang, 2006), On the Untranslatability in English-Chinese Idiom Translation (Zhao, 2010). However, there are few studies on English animal idioms acquisition linking to British culture. For example, On the Integrated Teaching of Language and Culture in the British and American Literature Courses (Chen, 2009). Animal idioms, like a mirror, can clearly reflect the characteristics of a national culture. Generally speaking, culture is divided into three levels by anthropologists: high culture, popular culture, deep culture. High culture includes philosophy, literature, art and religion. Popular culture refers to customs, etiquette and the interpersonal aspects of life. Deep culture conta ins the meaning of beauty and ugliness, time orientation, problem-solving methods. They believe that these three levels of culture are closely linked. High culture and popular culture are rooted in the deep culture, while deep culture reflects the popular culture by a kind of custom or life style and reflects the high culture by certain forms of art or literary theme. Growing up in a culture has naturally inherited its deep culture and popular culture (Yin Han, 2007). High culture and popular culture belong to low context culture; deep culture belongs to high context culture. In this thesis, the key point is to investigate whether the Chinese English learners can understand the low context culture by examining the command of animal idioms. High context culture is out of the scope of this project. Literature Review Culture and Language There are a large number of definitions in culture, but a few of them can be reviewed. The most classical definition of culture is made by Edward B. Tylor, the father of cultural anthropology. The definition describes the culture as a center of society, which is regarded as the first important anthropological theory about culture. Tylor(1873, p.10) provided that culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society. He believed that culture is shared by all humankind, all community. Then, following the definitions of sociologists, they believe that culture refers to human attitudes, institutions, and beliefs etc. Reflecting the life of a human community is the key point in culture. Samovar et al (2000) observe that culture is a group (which may be a nation, corporate or family) to form thought, behavior, custom, etc. within certain amount of time and cultural consciousne ss is radiated from all activities. They think that culture describes the ways of a person or a group of peoples existence. The society, country and nationality are an important platform for peoples existence in generations. That is to say, culture explains the way of thinking, speaking, communicating during the existence. Also, Deng and Liu (2007) point out that culture illustrates the ways of a people, that is to say, culture refers to the entire way of life of a society. The language stems from certain social life and production and is the carrier of certain culture which contains peoples daily life. It inevitably reflects this nationalitys social reality and receives the constraint of this nationalitys custom, thinking mode, moral rule, value orientation, and political idea (Yang, 2007). Each language is a living fossil to a nation. Language as the main material has the most direct and close contact to build a culture. Furthermore, language is used for communication. It is impossible to use a language without awareness of its culture. That is to say, language can be a signal to identify different cultures. When language used by particular speakers, it conveys certain context which is how words be chosen, why to choose it, what meaning can be expressed. Language cannot exist without carrying culture meaning. Given the arguments above, the relationship between language and culture can be described as follows: language come from culture and culture embodies the entire way of life of a society. Using language can promotes cultural spread and culture can promote language development. Language and culture work closely and influence each other. Expressing facts, ideas, or events and reflecting the peoples attitudes, beliefs etc. are the most important function of a language. Language exchange actually is cultural communication. Learning a language well must be aware of its culture. Studies on Idioms Makkais Idiom Structure in English, an extended version of his doctorial thesis (1965), identifies two major types of idioms: one is encoding; another is decoding. Makkai finds a rationale to explain this division. The headword listed in the (OED) (1970) is sense 3a, which also appears in an identical form in the OED (1989): A form of expression grammatical construction, phrase etc., peculiar to a language; a peculiarity of phraseology approved by the usage of a language, and often having significance other than its grammatical or logical one (quoted from Fernando C., 1996, p.3-4). According to Moon (1998, p.4), narrower uses restrict idiom to a particular kind of unit: one is fixed and semantically opaque or metaphorical, for examples, as white as a sheet or cold shoulder. In broader uses, idiom is a general term for many kinds of multiword item, no matter semantically opaque or not. For animal idioms, the form is usually loose, and it mainly focuses on figurative meanings rather than literal meaning, for examples, put the cart before the horse, or straight from the horses mouth. According to Nunberg et al. (1994, p.498), idioms may differ along three orthogonal semantic dimensions: compositionality, conventionality, and transparency. Compositionality refers to the degree to which the phrasal meaning, once known, can be analyzed in terms of the contributions of the idioms parts; conventionality refers to the degree to which idiomatic meanings are not predictable based upon knowledge of the word components in isolation, and knowledge of the conventions of a particular language environment; finally, transparency refers to the degree to which the original motivation of these phrases is immediately accessible (see Titone and Conine, 1999:1663-1664). Wang (2010) mentions in English idioms feature and pragmatics that English idioms with the strong feature of rhetoric are formed from long-tem use and their structures are unique and have fixed expression. It contains proverbs, sayings, slangs, and allusions, etc. There are two important characteristics of idioms: one is semantic unity, that is, the overall meaning cannot be tracked from each word. For example, dog doesnt eat dog. It means that people of same profession, school, etc. never make trouble for one another instead of the surface meaning. Another is the structure of fixity, that is, its structure cannot be altered arbitrarily, for example, kick the bucket. It cannot say kick the pail or be used in the passive voice- the bucket is kicked. Animal idioms and British culture There is a close relationship between animals and peoples lives. On the one hand, animal is the main source of food and clothing for human; the other hand, kinds of animals represent certain images which people pay homage to them. These animals reflect human thought and contain certain national culture. Liao (2000) has defined that there are three bases to make animal vocabularies to cause cultural meanings. First, derive from animals appearances, physical structure, mentality, behavior. Second, come from cultural content such as fables, legends, religions, physical geography, and customs. Third, be created by association, that is to say, animals are associated with another things which relate to potential cultural psychology. In the perspective of linguistics, animal images used in idioms have figurative meaning. Idioms linked to animals usually contain metaphors. Animals denote and connote supposed qualities. These qualities are applied to people and human situations. There is a ph enomenon that no idiom database contains animal or insect, although many contain hyponyms such as cat, dog, or horse. The reason may be that general words such as animal are too neutral to cause these kinds of institutionalized metaphors, despite the fact that both animal and insect are used in other contexts with metaphorical meanings (Moon, R., 1998, p.196). In the meantime, the formation of animal idioms relies on culture. According to the arguments mentioned above, culture refers to all aspects of a people such as geographical situation, the style of production, and literature etc. In the history, Great Britain was the overlord in the sea. Despite the Europe, other continents were the British colonies. Therefore, British nation could contact with many animal species. Britain is surrounded by islands. Due to the abundant resources from physical geography, animal idioms flourished in the early years of that century. Thereby, English idioms have close contact with sea and fishing, for example, hook ones fish. Comparing with China, Great Britain is filled with small mountains and strait lands. In ancient Britain, horses are main tillable force. The function of horses is above all. Thus, there is particularly large number of horse-related idioms, such as horse of another color, an iron horse, or horse sense etc. In ancient China, the cattle played a significant role. That is why so many idioms related to cattle in China, for examples, niu qi chong tian  ¼Ã…’feng ma niu bu xiang ji etc. These cattle and horses have been portrayed by cultural connotation. In addition, some animal images come from Greek and Roman mythology or Bible, like serpent which means Satan in Bible (Zhao, 2010). Animal idioms related studies In the second language learning, correctly using idioms has always been regarded as a tough problem. A learner must recognize the fix structures and given meaning, not only the literal meaning but also the figurative meaning. Figurative meaning refers to metaphors which have close relationship with culture. Whats more, animal idioms are more flexible and oral orientation. It is not easy for second language learners to breach the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic barriers in idiom learning. Blasko and Connine (2002) made an experiment in comparing Malay and English to investigate second language figurative proficiency. They found two results as follows: First, figurative expressions with an equivalent conceptual basis and linguistic form are the easiest; Second, figurative expressions with an equivalent linguistic form but a different conceptual basis are the most difficult. Lin Weiyan (2003) designed a project to investigate English idiom learning in different cultural background. H e observes that English idioms with same figurative meaning as Chinese are easy to understand comparing with different figurative meaning as Chinese. That is to say, if the English idioms are similar to Chinese ones in expression and meaning, mother tongue will make effectively transfer; if not, mother tongue will make negative transfer. Wu Xudong and Chen Bin (2006) quickly came to the conclusion that the process of conceptual and cultural transfer is the process of comprehending English animal idioms, and Chinese English learners has low capability to comprehend English animal idioms with different metaphors. From the presented studies above, it can be concluded that commanding idioms, especially animal idioms is one of the big obstacles in second language learning. Chinese English learners have the advantage and disadvantage of understanding animal idioms, because there are some similar figurative meanings. But due to the learning environment, Chinese English learners have low capabilities to command animal idioms. Research Question Can the command of English animal idioms greatly influence Chinese English Learners to understand British culture? Hypothesis Due to the relationship with language, animal idioms and culture, command of English animal idioms can greatly influence Chinese English Learners to understand British culture.