Case Study- Democracy and Islam Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

- Democracy and Islam - Case Study Example aft(prenominal) the overthrow of dictatorial regimes in Egypt, Tunisia, and Libya during the Arab spring, demands for a democratic form of government argon also create from raw stuff up in the neighboring Arab states. The case study, written by Tessler and Brand in the year 1995, sheds some(prenominal) light on the present events happening in the Arab world as they reflect some repercussions originating from the historic realms of political Islam and democracy. The subject is of vital importance considering the current trend in Arab politics and its implications on internationalist politics at large. The current events occurring in the Arab world have deep connections with the history of democracy and Islam in the region, and can be better understood with regards to the historical trends.According to Tessler and Brand (1995), Islam has significantly grown in its importance in the Arab world. Such sentiments are visible through the more ap parent praying and veiling. And many campaigns wait to rake in a lot of support as they reinforce the Islamic banner. Such a support can materialize into successful election of the candidate provided that an electoral poll takes place. However, not whole scholars agree with the supposed positive correlation between democracy and Islam. Many scholars argue that democracy and Islam are incompatible. To make a statement about the issue requires serious study into the current air public across the Arab world while also seeking guidance from the theoretical frameworks. Political Islam is usually viewed as a conflicting concept to secularism or other liberal forms of democracy. However, in the Arab world, it is almost impossible to separate religion from political systems. The events of the Arab spring demonstrated the need to reconsider the relationship between Islam and democracy as ideological rivals. Individual protests during the Arab spring grew immensely strong eventually chang ing the political system from dominating to democratic. More

CBS news program Essay Example for Free

CBS give-and-take course of instruction EssayThe broadcast intelligence service source that I watched was the CBS Evening word of honor with Katie Couric, which was a half(prenominal) hour evening broadcast. Couric sat behind a desk, facing the viewer the entire season. The shed light on stories on this broadcast were the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the Kansas City tornadoes, and the Make or Break mission in Afghanistan. Each recital received about five minutes of airtime. Couric narrated statistics of how much oil has leaked and the continuance of coastline that has been affected in Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico while live footage showed clean-up efforts taking institutionalise along the coast. The story was made relatable for the viewer by explaining that the amount of oil spilled is enough to cover all of New York City. It was bring credibility by an on-site reporter and analogous that interviewed both local residents involved in the clean-up and with expe rts on the job(p) to s summit meeting the oil leak. There was no attention paid to the source of the leak or to anyone macrocosm held accountable for the accident. The story about the tornadoes in Kansas City featured footage from a residents word picture camera of the funnel cloud approaching, along with local news footage of the damage to local homes and businesses.Couric, the on-site correspondent and a representative from the National Weather Service delivered their news in professional, almost formal tones. This gave the program the feel of being informed, notwithstanding somewhat impersonal. The only statistics given were the death rate numbers, and the story end by stating that more tornadoes were headed toward the area. Courics coverage of the Make or Break mission taking place in Afghanistan was the third top story.It talk ofed the efforts to reclaim the city of Khandahar from the Taliban and gave minimise information into previous operations in the war between th e United States and the Taliban. In-depth explanations were given of where the US troops will go and what they will do. A correspondent reporting from the Pentagon made the story seem more credible, even as he explained chairman Obamas reasoning behind the troop surge. The cable news source that I viewed was Fox News on the Fox News Network.It was hosted by Shepard Smith. This was also a half hour evening news broadcast. The top three stories on the show were the Kansas City tornadoes, the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and the stealing of a memorial cross for World War I old geezers from a Mojave Desert monument. Air time for each top story was about five minutes, similar to Courics program. Shepard Smith delivered all of his conversation standing and was positioned at various spots throughout the broadcast, as opposed to Couric who stayed seated.There were fast graphics, pollyannaish background music, and a news wire line across the bottom of the screen delivering more head lines during the top stories, all features not included in the CBS broadcast. The story about the Kansas City tornadoes lasted about five minutes. In included local news footage shot by a Kansas City news program, an in-studio commentator and stomach expert that discussed the tornado system with Smith, and footage of local survivors describing what they had seen and heard and detailing the damage to their personal property.Statistics about deaths and injuries were given, and the atom ended with Smith saying that another storm system was on its way. When discussing the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, Smith delved deeper into the Capital Hill investigation of BP, Transocean, and Halliburton in the attempt to determine which company was responsible for the accident. There was also more attention given to the tanker explosion that caused the accident and there was parent of the crew that died in the explosion, information that was not included in the CBS news program. This made the Fox coverage of the oil spill seem more informed and more personable.It was made more personable by Smiths opinion that someone should be held accountable. The story about the World War I monument being stolen seemed more of a human interest story, and it was interesting that this was made a top story on the program. In discussing the theft of the monument that had stood in the Mojave Desert since 1934, Smith talked with a veteran that was coordinating an effort to have the monument recovered along with a legal correspondent that explained the current debate over whether the monument should be allowed to be erected in the spot in the first place.Overall, the staple fiber layout of the programs was the same. Each top story was given about five minutes of air time and each featured on-site correspondents, experts, video footage, and interviews. The Fox News broadcast was made more engaging with more music, a host that moved around and stood while he spoke, offered jokes and offhande d opinions about the news stories, and in-studio correspondents to discuss them. The CBS broadcast was more serious and toned-down, with Couric being the only correspondent in the studio, tamer graphics, and no news wire.I feel that both proved ample credibility with their straightforward delivery of the facts. But I feel that the Fox News broadcast was more personable and relatable because instead of just showing footage of whats happening right now like the CBS program did, Foxs program gave more background information and opinions from more individuals to help the viewer understand the issues and the stories better. Similarities were evident for the basic purpose of news delivery, but the differences occurred because of a different attitude towards the viewer.

My Graduation Speech Essay Example for Free

My Graduation Speech EssayThe Dominance of the Visigoth encompasses power, brevity and depth. The main focus of this legal transfer is to inform the reader of the two existing kinds of people, those who atomic number 18 morally upright and those who are morally depreciated. through with(predicate) this speech, the reader is able to obtain an appraisal regarding the good aspect of humans from an Athenian point of view, which dates gage to 2500 years ago. On the some other hand, the idea regarding the bad aspect of humans originated from the Visigoth from Ger umteen approximately 1700 years ago. The Visigoths all numeralion would only embody their receive selfish acquires, such as living to only sweep over and supersede others, and in turn creating problems for them.As Postman mentioned, Visigoth ideas are predominant in society today, which discharge be proven through the material found in media today. The desire to fulfill the need of recreation for the audience re sults in the creation of tv set shows lacking in both temperance and moderation, displayed in the video program original Makeover. Furthermore, the desire to win and supersede others is shown in the exploitation of violence registered by the characters in the film Mr. and Mrs. Smith. Lastly, many stories in daily newspapers such as the clump and Mail, further display many realistic examples of peoples actions encouraged by the need to run away for their own selfish benefits, rather of exercising those intentions for the benefit of others.The Visigoths discovered that the factors that intrigued and pleased the general masses should be the factors to be used to control them. To accomplish this, the Visigoths aimed to plan their desire for power, popularity, and superiority through the television series Extreme Makeover. To further explain, Extreme Makeover displays the lavish idea of the creation of beauty in women in order to raise the television ratings to compete in the run away to supersede the other television series airing (http//abc.go.com). The use of beauty as a merchandising point for a television series captures the interest of masses of women both young and old. Because of the masses of women in society today unwilling to accept how they look, these women would settle for watching it being done to the lucky hardly a(prenominal) appearing on the show.From this, Extreme Makeover encourages its women audience of the fact that all dreams no matter how farfetched or hard to r individually can be attained one day. through this, Extreme Makeover has succeeded in conclusion a point of immense interest and providing it for the audiences entertainment. However, of course, the main purpose of the series is not to provide an cost increase to women of today, but to actually make money from the television ratings out of other peoples expense. The exploitation of other peoples dreams, goals, and ambitiousness as a tool of marketing is an act unrestrain ed and uncontrolled, characteristic of the Visigoth character. Despite the fact that Extreme Makeover is such a depraved form of entertainment, many people continue to enjoy watching it. The drive for this persistence lies in the way people in society think, which seems to surprisingly project the values of the Visigoth.Through the film Mr. and Mrs. Smith, the main characters are portrayed as humans fanatical with the desire to fight, and to surpass the each other, which are all ideas befitting the Visigoths. Mr. and Mrs. Smith is the story of a husband and a wife who are both assassins. They are not aware of each others hidden career of an assassin in the parentage of the film. However, in the end their secrets are exposed when they are hired to kill each other. The fights, the violence, and all the hectic jumble of the plot are all Visigoth characteristics.The characters in the film care only about their own affairs, and none of the human race and the environment around them (w ww.imbd.com). Despite the fact that all these ideas encompassed in the film are against tradition, society appears to be all right with them, which further shows that society views the Visigoths ideas as nothing out of stern or wrong for that matter. Through this film, it is evident that the producer of the movie acquired all the violence, fights, and the hectic jumble to create one intriguing plot to captivate mass audience attention. From this, the producer aims to make a profit, instead of projecting meaningful ideals that the audience can actually learn from and apply to their livelihood.Being self-centered is the act of being inconsiderate to others and lacking in ethics, which is another Visigoth idea. Found in the Globe and Mail, the article upraise how far will you go? informs the reader of the interminable ways to lie to the staff in the airport for the chance to upgrade their seats, which shows that the Globe and Mail is full of Visigoth ideals that the means of achi eving comfort in life is clever, and should be shared among everyone (Globe and Mail, T6). In another article, After all it was only public money, depicts the idea that people in society will do anything because of their greed. This article tells of the greed of Paul Coffin, who is an ad executive, a remorseless invoicer, and an majestic biller, who feigns to act as a moral as possible, but in reality is guilty of countless cases of corruption. (Globe and Mail, A25). The mask and pretense that a self-centered person creates reflects societys lack of honesty and ethics, all characteristic of a Visigoth.The evilness of Visigoth outnumbers the epitome of beauty, reason, and moderation. The immoral and deprecating values of a Visigoth appear on popular television programs such as Extreme Makeover, in films such as Mr. and Mrs. Smith, which motivates its audience to violence, and in real life of people who appear in news articles in the newspaper. According to Postman, the numbers of pe ople who view the world in the Visigoth perspective outnumber the number of people who think like Athenians. Nothing is needed to be said that the majority of people do things for themselves, lack the sense of community, reject tradition, use rude language, work on grotesque art, and learn to win other people or to make money, and create problems to other people for their own power. The history of humans and the imagination of people are all rooted in Visigoth ideals.Work CitedHayden, Scott. After all, it was only public money. Globe and Mail 24 Jan. 2005 A25.Knight, Jeff. About the Show. June 26 2005. ABC, Inc. 24 Jan. 2005 http//abc.go.com/primetime/extrememakeover.Liman, Austin. Mr. and Mrs. Smith (2005). June 26 2005. IMDB. Earths Biggest Movie Database. 24 Jan. 2005 www.imdb.com/title/tt0356910.Montagomery, Jonathan. Upgrade how far will you go? Globe and Mail 24 Jan. 2005 T6.

Legal aspects of cultural diversity Essay Example for Free

Legal aspects of pagan innovation EssayCultural mixture is of great fragrance to any community, just as diversity is Copernican to the living organisms which can in fact, have their bionomical system adversely affected, lack of cultural diversity can lead to an increase in the riskiness of economic and political instabilities. This therefore implies that it is very important to preserve cultural diversity. Its preservation, above any conflicts and auspices concerns has made it to be of ofttimes concern in the global arena.For effective integration of the cultural diversity there is need to develop and enact laws that are intended to preserve it so as to tolerate enjoying its numerous benefits (Heuberger, Gerber, Anderson, 1999). Legal aspects of cultural diversity A major vestigial characteristic that is emerging as a result of political space that is increasingly widening glob eithery is not so much due to plurality but as a result of polarity of thoughts coming fr om different corners of the domain which vary significantly.The polarity of these ideas natur everyy corresponds to the cultural diversity of the communities. Polarity does not necessarily lead to education in the negative direction in the surgery of social politics. However, there is need to derive close to values which are useful from this particular development. This therefore means that there should be efforts which are aimed at developing institutional mechanisms, which apart from acknowledging the existence of cultural diversity they also stress on the fundamental consensual principles and values as a basis of any state.The potentiality of such opportunities lies in the transit of laws intended to safe guard cultural diversity, such laws should be puff up entrenched in a countrys supreme law, that is, the constitution (Tarver, 1999). The ethnic and cultural diversity is a broad subject field which can be very problematic should states fail to adequately cater for them i n their laws of the land. When properly managed, cultural diversity is cap adequate of producing positive fruits in the development of institutional structures aimed enhancing integration of various cultures.It is therefore important to note that dealing with ethnic and cultural diversity is not only a sensitive publication but a complex one too. Thus it is of much essence to include virtu everyy all the stakeholders while coming up with laws of regulating and governing this diversity. This is very important since if such a process is not well managed the minorities are likely to feel left out(a) in the development of their commonwealths and and so opposed to its objectives.This can result into anarchy in a country, which can easily lead to tribal conflicts which do not auger well for the economic and political stability of a nation (Mitullah, 2002). The differences in various cultures are not absolute, they can therefore, be mediated positively through a well engineering proces s of the constitution of the country or other laws governing the state. This is a task that all(prenominal) country should endeavor to accomplish so as to avoid instances of discrimination of minorities. Their values too should be well taken care of and appreciated in a similar manner as those of the majority. reservation laws on such basis will ensure that no single culture is left out in the task of nation building as they are all important and apiece piddle an integral part of the nation and thus a state cannot function optimally without the inclusion of all the cultures existing within its boundaries (Mitullah, 2002). By the laws properly addressing the issue of cultural diversity the states are likely to be saved from effects of conscious mobilization of people based on their culture and ethnic origins by their elites who are selfish and only interested in their political gains as opposed to the greater unafraid of the entire nation.Such laws should ensure that there is era dication of political processes in which politicians are able to assort people during the periods of campaigns through ideas of cultural differences instead of policies that are needed by the state in run to develop both democratically and economically and thus liberate the citizens from the handicaps of ethnicity and their respective cultures.The laws should enable the citizens to perceive each culture in the country as an important part in the general development of the nation (Mitullah, 2002). In many countries ethnic or cultural social engineering so as to procure myopic political goals is a major challenge in attaining credible political and economic stability. not unless such is adequately addressed several countries will continue suffering and their development objectives delayed.Such forgetful comings can be effectively addressed if there are laws and statutes to cater for cultural diversity so that it can be used to yield good fruits for these nations as opposed to situ ations of political and economic instabilities resulting from impuissance to manage cultural diversity in a proper manner (Lewis, 2007) Conclusion Cultural diversity when well managed in any given society is capable of yielding a lot of benefits to the all the nationalities. There is need therefore to ensure that it is well preserved and adequately taken care of so as to realize the benefits of stable economies and political systems.By appreciating cultural diversity the members of the different communities are able to borrow the strong values from other cultures and this will lead to the emergence of a culture that incorporates all the cultural diversities that exist within their limits. This can be effectively addressed in laws and statutes which should be orientated at ensuring that cultural diversity is preserved. Reference Heuberger, B. , Gerber, D. Anderson, R. (1999) Strength through Cultural Diversity Journal bind of Multiculturalism Vol.47, affair 4. Lewis, M. (2007) Cu ltural Norms and Political Mobilization Accounting for Local and State-Level Liquor Laws, 1907-1919, Journal of Cultural Geography, Vol. 24, Issue 8. Mitullah, W. V. (2002) Recognising and Respecting Cultural Diversity in the Constitution, Retrieved on 22nd May 2009 from, http//www. commonlii. org/ke/other/KECKRC/2002/5. html. Tarver, M. L. (1999) Law Enforcement Diversity culture And Technology, Retrieved on 22nd May 2009 from, http//aabss. org/journal1999/f13Tarver. html.

Current Rights of Women in India Essay Example for Free

Current Rights of Women in India EssayIn America women slang the right to work, vote, and testify just approximately boththing that they can afford. The only thing limiting them is their credit score, or the limit that the bank determines. These may seem like rights that argon universal because the reality of America is non the dismays that a nonher(prenominal) countries have to deal with. In other countries this luxury of Equal Rights is not common, and is actually jilted and avoided by all costs. Some countries do not believe in these rights because of their religion, and what theyve been taught. How can a positive value not be learned? Other countries just do not know any different than the man as the hunter or provider, and the char as the c argiver or housekeeper. These roles in America only recently began to be shared amongst the genders, and to this day these roles are not confirmed by any squiffys. Other countries are beginning to open their mind to other polic ies mostly because of influences of other cultures, and it is about measure this happens.Some of the horrifying conditions that women in India have to deal with are issues that no women would ever indirect request to fathom, and is very unfortunate. Not always creation granted the ability to gain an education, being married at a youthful age without any say in the choice of a partner, and unwanted miscarriage of female fetuses are just a few that surface news channels. Those disturbing issues listed above are what these women have to deal with regularly and have no hope of these problems ever changing because of what some peck in some cultures call beliefs.Media has placed great emphasis on the stories that depict that the womens rights in India have been improving over the past few decades. Improvement can be misinterpreted when a terzetto humanity country is involved, because any change that is not for the worst can be considered an improvement. What has really meliorate? Is it going to be up to the women to determine at which point they feel like they are an live gender in this country? Until this point, there is no telling how long this can take. Cultural imprint of EqualityThe problem lies in the internal practices of the country. India is a country which mainly operates from the religious inclinations of the population. Be that as it may, how can anyone question their beliefs, and furthermore, who is to say that these practices do or dont work? Shouldnt the root of whether or not their current policies are effective throw in from the source the women in this country? In 1926 Sarojini Naidu, the first female president of the Indian National Congress party, had helped achieve the right for women to vote on with the men.It had taken, like most political victories in India for women, a great deal of time and patience (Roy, 2012, para. 15). Indian society is also one of the worlds most culturally diverse, with innumer able linguistic, cultural, and religious groups. Due to the diversity of the Indian populace, Indian policy makers have faced a tough challenge in ensuring that the individual rights of its citizens, including women, are protected (Balancing Minority Rights and Gender Justice The Impact of Protecting Multiculturalism on Womens Rights in India, 2005, p. 05).This is a country where religion has always ruled their judicial and ethical structure, and because of this it will need to be a common agreement that there needs to be a change from within. The Butalia (1998) website describes a poor woman Rojammas who took a literacy class. She read a story about a woman who had to endure physical make fun from her husband due to his drinking habit. The woman in the story went through the village speaking with the other women to see who had the same problem as her.She determined that the reason for most of the abuse is that their husbands would go to work, and come home and spend all of their money on alcohol. The husban ds would get upset when the women werent able to run through them because all of their money was spent at the liquor stores. The women rallied and protested at the liquor stores and eventually, in Andhra Pradesh liquor was banned. As a result, families were able to save, violence rates dropped, and life seemed to improve for these people.Unfortunately women are no lifelong able to be seen in the streets protesting. These brave women were able to make a difference, and had the strength and tools to do so. Since then, their world mogul of protest and voice has been taken. Is this an improvement, and if so, what is next? The nineteenth century was to be considered the age of the women, because all over the world womens rights and wrongs were the main topic of heated discussion amongst the world.Different countries such and France, Russia, England and Germany began spreading women consciousness, and more towards the middle nineteenth century, Russia began having issues with reformer s and anarchist because of the question that was being widely spread across the nations should women have rights? Although these issues were now arising passim most countries, in India, the men still see it as men have all power and women obey as they are told. This now brings us with todays issue that is still being fought in India and even in some other countries.Women now come across broken promises and the opening of women rights when those rights were already being fought for and stated in the Indian Constitution. In the Constitution it states that every single womans and girls well-being and safety paramount that their liberties and rights are not to be challenged on the basis of attire or profession that they are treated equally. (Womens Rights in India, 2009) With that being said, this is not the case of what is going on with the women in India one in particular that was being socially, economically, and politically deprived.This is what is being said about this situation. The police commissioner on the other hand has referred to the recent attacks on women as spotless incidents of eve teasing. While eve-teasing is itself a term specific to the South Asian region, associated with unsolicited verbal harassment like catcalls, whistles and/or remarks directed towards women, the incidents that he so casually referred to were actual assaults on women for being dressed to kill(p) in western attire. More importantly, even eve teasing calls for action against the perpetrators (Womens Rights in India, 2009).It is not ethical for any one person to use their stature for their own personal gain. Although, different countries do have different ethics/cultural ethics, morals and religious beliefs they choose to abide by, does not mean it is not right to degrade women as sexual objects, different because of their personal beliefs, or even their own sense of style. How can one be punished because of the attire they chose to wear? Women have come so far from bein g just a house wife, to working while World contend 1 was taking place, to joining the army to help our fellow soldiers fight for this country, to running as a presidential candidate.Women bleed, breath, think, feel emotion and get hurt physically just like men do, so why do we treat women any differently than a male? If you case back into Egyptian history, Greek Mythology and even some of the Gods that were Political figures to us at one point in time were women Aphrodite, Artemis, Isis and etc. Women should be granted the exact same rights as the men in this world because they transmit to a lot of the findings we discover, cures we find, the birth our children, some of the things we study and so forth. Will we ever be able to look passed all of the things that we say and do about/towards women?Is it possible to give the rights that we promised for so many historic period to the women of our country and the other countries that have promised the exact same thing? Discrimination is such a immense discussion amongst our community today because it continues to thrive off of those that are not subjective to change. Change is hardly what we need to bring out the different opinions between cultures, and religious beliefs. Although it is a belief, that does not mean that it is morally right to believe it is ok to treat women in a certain fashion that we see as correct.The mixed bag of laws, bills, commitments, broken promises, new pledges and fresh possibilities for womens rights comes with its share of anticipation and disappointments. Will promises be converted into laws and will prejudices make way for a infinitesimal more tolerance and a little less chauvinism? Will social perceptions of women and their traditionally assigned roles in society witness a change under the collective pressure of government laws and social campaigns? And will society eventually look at girls through the same lens that they see boys? And yet hope survives

Questions Essay Example for Free

Questions Essay1.) It cannot be denied that the Catholic Church greatly affected the development of the Science of Astronomy or it would be ofttimes appropriate to say that the Catholic Church hinders the development of Astronomy. In the early times, the Church persecuted those who argon act to seek the reality ab start the universe, the outer space and those found in it such as Galileo, Tycho Brahe and the likes. Be dress of the place of the Church at that time, many another(prenominal) who seek the truth in the field of astronomy had been de-motivated. There argon only few persons who were volitioning to oppose the church and to continue their work in the field of astronomy.Others, aft(prenominal) finding something that contradict the views and beliefs of the Church, kept their findings for themselves, not letting the world of their disc everyplaceies because of the fear of persecution. As a result, at that place had been few published books or articles regarding deve lopments in the field of astronomy that contradicts the view of the church. Thus, the church really hinders the development of astronomy because it contradicts their beliefs and t distributivelyings and was creating doubts in the perfection of the universe. It took a very ample time to be able to take over developments and new knowledge in astronomy.2.) Tides refer to the alternating rise and fall of sea level at bottom a day. What causes the sea level to change? It is actually the gravitational liking of the sun and moon that cause waters of the ocean to swell and recede at different parts of the macrocosm. The landed estate and the moon atomic number 18 deuce great masses that have a significant gravitational pull on each other. This keeps the moon in orbit around the earth, and it is also what causes tides to occur in the ocean.The fact that there are two tide cycles a day instead of just one can be cogently explained. Although we commonly think of the moon as revolving ar ound the Earth they both revolve around their common nubble of gravity. The revolution of the earth and the moon about their own center of gravity counterbalanced the gravitational attraction surrounded by them. This balance in between the centrifugal force and the gravitational force between the earth and the moon appear exactly at their centers, in the center of the earth and the moon. The earth experiences gravitational and centrifugal forces resulting in the earths water to assume ellipsoidal.As the earth turns upon its own axis in about 24 hours, a point on the earth moves through areas with these different forces acting on it. In one rotation (one day), a point on earth travels from an area of high tide, where the earths water is macrocosm pulled outward, to an area of little-spirited tide where the earths water is being pulled inward, trough another area of high tide which is the opposite pull to another area of low tide. Then it will return to its point of origin at hi gh tide. Thus, two high tides and low tides can be observed instead of just one in a day.3.)Johannes Kepler was born in Wurttemberg in 1571 and died in 1630. He received an excellent and wide-ranging education in Lutheran Schools and at the University of Tubingen. He hoped to follow a carrier in the church, but he wrote paper on an astronomical subject that came to the attention of Tycho Brahe, now at Prague, and Tycho invited the young man to join him as his assistant. After much soul searching, Kepler accepted, and when Tycho died the next year, in 1601, Kepler was appointed imperial mathematician in his place and inherited Tychos heavy(p) body of accurate astronomical observations.Keplers greatest contribution was a set of three laws of winding motion that solved the problem of epicycles and eccentric orbits once and for all. The first of the new laws made a full-blooded change in the Aristotelian system, for it asserted that nomadic motion is not uniformly circular. The plan ets do not travel in eccentric circles around the sun, but in ellipses, with the sun at one of the two foci of the ellipse. Keplers ellipses were very close to circles, which explained why the previous assumption of circular orbits had adequately explained the phenomena as long as observations remained relatively inaccurate. The new assumption was correct within the limits of observational accuracy of the time and unavoidable no further adjustments, no eccentricities, no epicycles, and no tricks of any kind.Keplers second law of planetary motion asserted that a radius vector joining a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time. What this mean is that in a certain time, a planet will travel more quickly along its orbit when it is closer to the sun than when it is farther away from it. This smart insight, a major inspiration to Newton, applies to all bodies moving in fields of force, not just planets. It explained near of the discrepancies between astronomical theory an d observation.The third law asserted a mathematical relation between the periods of revolution and of the planets and their distance from the sun. Discovering this law was a remarkable achievement considering the primitive instruments Kepler had at his proposal.Kepler spent many years not only advancing his ideas about these laws and preparing Tychos tables of observation for publication, but also mulling over what he recognized as the great remaining unsolved problem of planetary motion the indigence whereby the planets revolved around the sun. What holds the planets in their orbits and what drives them ever forward.

Academic Writing Skills Guide Essay Example for Free

faculty member create verbally Skills course Essay groundwork Preface to the low mutant (2002) We fox written this soak up for you to help you on the way to becoming proficient in your elect landing field of economics or business administration. As you advance in your studies, you go away demonstrate your improvement through and through the essays, physical compositions, case reports, and other schoolbooks that you spell out. Your create verbally is thus a marker of your relative expertise in your theme. Yet, it is too a means in itself. Writing helps you target your own ideas, discover the strengths and weaknesses in your bewilder in minding, and impute the k immediatelyledge you construct. We hope this prevail leave al maven help you on your way. But like in all contains, it does non contain everything. As Voltaire said, the best way to be boring is to leave nothing out This guide acts as a starter it is up to you to . go deeper. in force(p) as you leave find with your pen appointments, we too score gone through the writing summons in the structure of this guide. We constructed a plan, consulted many sources and people, wrote the text, revised it, and edited it, all the time trying to keep it clear and simple.See more than thanThe 3 character references of Satire EssayIn putting together this guide, we have aimed to follow Ernest Hemingway who said, My aim is to put vote out on idea what I see and what I feel in the best and simplest way. We hope we have succeeded. Henri Mennens, MSc Robert Wilkinson, MSc Second edition (2010) The second edition of this guide to pedantic writing is a thorough revision of the first edition (2002). Apart from changes to chapter 2, we have significantly changed chapters 3 and 5. In addition, we have in all rewritten chapter 4 on citing and affectencing in line with the current (2010) citation and reference norms of the American psycho logical Association.Major changes also entail the substructure of many more examples. In addition, the throwat requirements for submitting written reports has changed. 2 egest to donnish Writing Skills universe We have not involved schooling on grammar and punctuation, since we want educatees at the School of seatup and Economics to have a good command of these aspects on entry. However, we atomic number 18 aw are that many utilisers of this guide will wish to seek reassurance in this respect. We recommend users to consult a good grammar book or one of the many good writing sites on the Internet.Robert Wilkinson, MSc Jeannette Hommes, MA NOTE the happen is not gifted in the format that you have to present your papers (see section 5). However, where extracts of student essays are given, these are in the required format. Ack outrightledgements We grate dependabley ac dealledge the many people and sources we have consulted during the twist of this guide. In particular, we would like to express thanks to Henri Me nnens for his work on the first edition, and Keith Campbell of the Language heart who adapt the first edition of this guide in 2006.We also thank the Academic Writing tutors of the Language Centre for their inputs and the many students who have made use of the first edition. Furthermore, we are indebted to Mike Hannay and Lachlan Mackenzie, whose book efficacious writing in English A resource guide (both the 1996 and 2002 editions) has been a study source of teaching for chapters 2 and 3. We acknowledge the American Psychological Association whose Publication manual (American Psychological Association, sixth ed. , 2010) has been an slender support in the construction of chapter 4 in this guide.Finally, we are grateful to the Director of the School of Business and Economics for supporting the production of this second edition. 3 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction 1. Introduction Academic writing covers the wide range of specific writing tasks that you are required t o salvage during the variety of your academic studies papers, reports, literary works reviews, projects, case studies, dissertations, theses, research papers, and articles. Some of these text types are quite rare outdoors the academic environment (papers, books reviews, dissertations, theses) others (reports, projects, etc.) whitethorn well be aiming at a a great deal broader public.However, what they all have in common is a similar type of subscriber a person educate in the specialist field (here economics or business studies), and usually acting as a headmaster in that field. These target readers represent the professional community of which you aim to become a member. To be accepted as member requires you to meet the norms and standards that the professional community expects. Thus with regard to writing, you are anticipate to adhere to the norms expected by the (international) academic community.Compare this to a relay stimulate in athletics. In the relay race, you ru n with three other runners. If you are one of the two middle runners, you have to gain vigor the baton smoothly from the previous runner and pass it on to the next runner. In the relay race your team runs once against other teams (your local community). All of you have to run according to the set of regains agreed by the sports governing remains (the professional community). If you do not, your team may be disqualified. The rules set the framework for a potentially great race, and within the rules on that point is vast scope for individual flair and talent.So with academic writing you have to indite according to the rules but to frame well demands your own indi, vidual talent and enterprise. Just as a highly expertnessed athlete knows how to use the rules to his advantage, so an expert writer uses the norms and standards of professional academic writing to persuade readers of the power of his argument. We should not extend this athletics analogy too remote sports have c lear sets of rules that everyone can read and study academic writing does not. What a professional academic field has is a set of overt norms, such as a style guide.This guide is found on the editorial style requirements described in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010). Alongside these is a set of implicit norms that are just as powerful. types of the covert norms will be the nature of argumentation that is considered acceptable in the field. Covert norms are hidden and hence take a long time to acquire. Most novice writers acquire them through extensive teaching in the field, and by paying active attention to the way other writers use 4Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction language. This process of acquisition demands close observation of how expert writers use linguistic communication and expressions variantly in opposite types of text, e. g. literature reviews or case studies in a single field (e. g. marketi ng). Academic papers (and most other forms of academic writing) are typically expository or argumentative. An expository or informative paper describes or explains a particular set of phenomena, and provides an account of why these phenomena are found in one or more specific items or contexts.The goal of the expository paper is also to acquaint the reader with a body of knowledge. An argumentative or persuasive paper essential choose a side, instal a case for it, consider and refute alternative arguments, and prove to the assailable reader that the opinion it presents is the best one. You must be aware of other sides and be fair to them dismissing them completely will weaken your own argument. It is always best to take a side that you believe in, sort of with the most supporting evidence. To develop a good academic paper you should go through a number of coifs, called the writing process.The interest seven stratums can be distinguished The writing process 1. thought stage 2 . Research stage 3. Outline stage 4. Drafting stage 5. Revising stage 6. redaction stage 7. Final version stage Planning process Transfer in a first drafting output Revising editing Final output guess 1. Stages of the writing process 1. sentiment stage In this stage you determine your topic area (which may of course already be given), brainstorm closely ideas on the topic, select, reject and focus those ideas, before arriving at your final choice. 5 Guide to Academic Writing Skills.Introduction 2. Research stage Here you search for and study telescope literature and other materials, analyse the results, draw your own inferences and interpretations, etc. 3. Outline stage In this stage you draft an outline of the paper you intend to write, setting out your main aim or goal in the paper (the decide disputation or thesis statement), sketch how you will develop the points that follow from the purpose, and manoeuvre how you will conclude the paper. 4. Drafting stage Here you put down on screen successively improved versions of your paper.5. Revising stage In this stage you scan your work on a macro instruction level for logical coherence, run downing whether you assume to add or delete randomness, whether sections need rephrasing for clarification. 6. Editing stage Here you edit your text on a micro level, opposeing the grammar, spelling, punctuation, in-text citations, references and the layout. 7. Final version stage In this stage you set out the final paper neatly and clearly. Writing a paper is recursive you do not start at the beginning, and work through straight to the end, and that is that.At all quantify you will be backtracking or loopingso that as you are , writing your first draft, you may discover you need to add more information and have to return to the research stage. During the revising stage, you may discover that your original plan was too broad, and so decide to cut out a whole section. You may produce several revised version s of the paper before your final version. Do not blank out to allow yourself plenty of time between writing your first draft and your final version. paradigm 2 illustrates the three groups of actions in writing a paper, the prep process, the transfer, and revision and editing.The figure emphasizes the recursive nature of writing a paper in that each action not only feeds into the next but feeds back into the previous actions, entailing revision of those actions. 6 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction You may start with a plan, conduct some research (reading, library and/or Internet search), analyse and indeed synthesize the information you have acquired, construct a top dog or a statement that you will examine, draft an outline, write a rough draft of the unveiling, start writing the body, then stop.You go back, conduct some more research, queue up your outline, rewrite the body, write a bit more, adjust the introduction, perhaps adjust the statement of your purpose , then stop again. You conduct more research, rewrite the body again, draft a conclusion, go back to the introduction, adjust the purpose, rewrite the introduction, then stop. You let the paper simmerfor a while, then reread it, adjusting here and there for content accuracy, perhaps search or preventive for a contrary argument, throw out less(prenominal) relevant parts of the paper, check the logical phylogenesis of your ideas and arguments, and wrap up the conclusion.Then you check again for spelling (using the spellchecker, but also reading carefully word by word), check for grammar (using the grammar checkers wisely), check all punctuation, check the layout, check the citations and the references. You check too for sentence length (eliminate very long, rambling sentences), check paragraph structure (particularly if the topic of the paragraph changes in the paragraph check the subjects of the main verbs), check the logical links between paragraphs and sections. And so on. Fig ure 2 The writing process and its recursive nature (Bruer, 1993).This guide is organized as follows. Chapter 2 focuses on the intend process, describing the planning activities and the construction of an outline. Chapter 3 perplexs on the structuring of the paper, through a detail discussion of the three parts of a paper, introduction, body, and conclusion. Moreover, structuring a paper effectively requires that you write wellconstructed paragraphs this chapter also provides brief guidelines on paragraph organization. Chapter 4 explains the importance of citing sources and giving references, and provides guidelines how to put them in the paper in a correct way.Chapter 5 concentrates on finalizing the paper. This chapter discusses the format requirements, text revision and the evaluation of the paper. To conclude, this guide helps you to master the process of academic writing, which you can apply to the specific writing assignments during the course of your academic studies. It sp ecifies the elements infallible to a booming academic paper. But keep in mind two things. First, each assignment will be different and require a different organization. Second, writing is a skill7 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introductionyou only get better at a skill through regular practice. Regular practice leads to routine and expertise. The application of the principles of this guide can be of use until your last writing examination the final thesis. However, this guide just contains a brief summary of the different topics discussed. For more information you should consult literature, especially the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010, 6th ed. , in the University Library), and the Internet. Besides, keep in mind that the writing process is not just simply following a set of rules.Try to develop your own style, expertise and talent, in order to distinguish yourself. full(a) luck with your writing career 8 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process 2. The planning process In order to get a good start to writing your paper, it is important that you go successfully through the planning process. This chapter describes the different activities of the planning process. Then, section 2. 2 discusses the most important stage of the planning process the construction of an outline. 2. 1. The planning activities.During the planning process, according to Hannay and Mackenzie (2002), you are concerned with six major activities 1 Generating ideas for the content. Ideas for content can come from several sources from your own knowledge, from discussions with other people, and from various media sources (written texts, audio-visual media and electronic media). think techniques help you to generate ideas in the first two categories. 2 Selecting and classifying points. Here you are concerned with enjoin your ideas. Analyse them to determine the extent to which they are connected with each other.Ideas and concepts that are hig hly connected are believably to form key points in your texts. Those which are less closely connected may form essential supporting topics, or may need to be abandoned. Some may require more development. Always be prepared to get rid of ideas that prove not to be relevant to your argument. 3 Establishing your perspective. In this activity you need to decide what angle you are leaving to take with your material. Are you fetching a historical perspective, or only discussing the present situation? Are you taking an objective position, or are you bringing in your own personal standpoint?Are you taking a command viewpoint, or only a specific case? Are you looking at the matter from your property country perspective? Are you discussing a planetary issue or only a nas tional situation? 9 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process 4 Determining your intention. Now you need to consider what you want to do with the text. Do you want to present both sides of an argument equall y, or do you want to present only one side? Do you need to give examples, or will your argumentation be sufficient on its own? Do you want to persuade the reader of your opinion, or are you only wishing to describe the matter?Do you want just to present a problem, or do you want to offer solutions as well? What you are going to do with your text must become very clear to the reader in the thesis statement this statement directs the readers to the purpose of the text. 5 Formulating a draft ennoble, structuring the introduction and conclusion. Here you should set down a working title and devise a draft structure for the introduction and the conclusion. At this stage your drafting should only be provisional you should write the actual version only after you have written the body of thepaper.This is because you do need to know what your introduction is indeed introducing, and you need to know what your conclusion is concluding. A useful rule of thumb is Plan your introduction, then you r conclusion, and then your body, but write your body, then your conclusion and then your introduction. 6 Drafting paragraph subject fields. At this stage, go back to the ideas (themes) you have selected and classified. Now you have to decide which will be suitable for your text. Each theme usually is the basis for a single paragraph.Each theme too will require sufficient development so do not try to include too many. As a rough guide, you probably cannot treat adequately more than about 4 themes in a 1000-word paper (roughly 3 pages), while a 2500-word paper (roughly 6 pages) will reckon overwhelming if it includes more than 9 or 10 themes. Once you have selected your themes, list the points that you need to make to support the theme in the paragraph. 2. 2. The planning outline The goal of the planning outline is to help you organize your ideas, and present them in a logical order.It serves to identify the relationships between the ideas it allows you to see how related ideas can be grouped together, and which ideas you can cut out, and which ideas need more support. A good outline helps you to maintain the focussing in your paper, and prevents you from getting distracted into irrelevant information. 10 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process Figure 3 lists six steps that may be considered in the development of a planning outline. 1 Decide the purpose of your paper and the audience you are writing for. 2.Develop a statement in which you de picturesque the goal or purpose of your paper (commonly called thesis statement). This clarifies what you are going to present or argue in the paper. At this stage you may not have a unambiguous version of this statement. 3 List all the important points you want to handle in the paper. These points have to be split in three main parts introduction, body, and conclusion. The points in the introduction include the items that lead to the purpose or thesis statement (so-called background information), and a s tatement of the purpose or goal that should now be defined precisely.When you are planning your paper, you will group all your ideas around one substitution theme. This theme forms the core of your purpose or thesis statement or research question. The points in the body have to be logically organized so that they follow from your purpose and lead towards the conclusion. In a larger paper (for example a Master thesis), you usually develop a set of subquestions, masking the s points that lead to an answer to the research question. By say step by step the different subquestions in the body, you can draw a structured and well-founded conclusion at the end.The points in the conclusion include the summary of the facts that lead to an answer to the statement or question you started with and the answer itself. 4 categorize the points in the body under general headings so that you can identify which points need more development (e. g. you have to do more reading) and which points are not u seful or relevant (delete these). Choose precise, cover words for the headings avoid vague terms. Relate the headings to the purpose of your paper. If your paper is describing a situation, you are more likely to choose noun structures for headings (for example Failure of Bretton Woods).If your paper is oriented to action, you may choose verbal structures typically -ing forms in English (for example Reforming the auditor duties). s 5 Work out how one idea follows logically from the previous one. Note down how you will make the transitions from point to point. This is a key step, but one that is often underrated. Failure to think out the transitions in the planning stage can cost you more time in the revising stage. 6 Finally, look back at the whole outline, and check that you are satisfied that it all hangs together logically and conceptually. Now you are ready to start writing. Figure 3. 6 steps in the planning process. Outlines are generative. They are most useful if you modify th em as you write in line with new thoughts or information. Some of you may find that a simple, less detailed written outline is sufficient you may be very competent in holding the full structure in your mind but you may add more detailed points to the outline as you progress. Most of you, however, find that a relatively detailed outline on paper is an effective admonisher of what the goal of your paper is and of what you have selected from the literature, and an efficient guide to how far you have come.11 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process An outline as a simple list of points (see Figure 4, recess a) may not help you organize and structure your paper. A more organized outline (see Figure 4, box b) will help you see how the different parts hang together and may press forward the writing. Many American writing textbooks and websites provide detailed guidance on writing outlines. Under the American convention, outlines are structured using the following symbols ( Roman numerals, capital letters, Arabic numerals).This is only a convention apply in the writing process it is not part of APA style, and under no circumstances should it be use in the final paper (see for example Purdue University Online Writing Lab http//owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/544/03/). Box c (Figs ure 4) illustrates the framework using the American conventions. a Unhelpful outline Topic The Struggle for the Mobile promise Market 1. Description of the European mobile phone market. 2. Major players Nokia, Ericsson, Siemens. 3. Focus of youth market. b structured outline 4. Future trends in the market European Commission case on choline chloride arrangement 1.Introduction 1. 1. Background to case choline chloride cartel 1. 2. Aim of paper (thesis) European Commission took the right decision to fine the firms, because they had formed a cartel, but the fines are not sufficient to discourage cartel forming in the future. mainstay economic issues 2. 1. Market descri ption 2. 1. 1. Producers 2. 1. 2. Consumers 2. 2. Agreements 2. 2. 1. Price fixing 2. 2. 2. Market sharing Economic impact on competition 3. 1. Fixed prices raised income for producers 3. 2. Market sharing reduced competition 3. 3. Economic impact of cartel (Perloff) 3. 3. 1. Oligopoly 3. 3. 2.Welfare analysis European Commission decision 4. 1. That the market is an oligopoly 4. 2. That the market is not competitive 4. 3. punishment for firms 4. 3. 1. Fines 4. 3. 2. Leniency ruling Conclusions 5. 1. Summary 5. 2. Price setting agreements have a big impact on the market 5. 3. Fines base on gravity and duration of infringement 5. 4. Leniency fines not high replete to discourage cartel formation in future. 2. 3. 4. 5. 12 Guide to Academic Writing Skills c authorized formal outline (American style) I. II. First item Second item A. sub-item B. sub-item 1. sub-sub-item 2. sub-sub-item Third item.The planning process III. Figure 4. Examples of outlines. 13 Guide to Academic Writing Ski lls Structuring 3. Structuring On the basis of the outline, described in the previous chapter, it is now attainable to continue with the structure of your paper. You started the structuring process already in steps three and four of the construction of an outline, described in section 2. 2. The structuring process continues by implementing these steps in the paper, starting with the introduction. Section 3. 1 discusses the structuring process of the introduction, section 3. 2. covers the middle part (or body), and section 3.3. the discussion and conclusion. Structuring a paper effectively also requires that you write well-constructed paragraphs. This is discussed briefly in section 3. 4. 3. 1. The introduction The introduction has three functions, all of which must be present. First, it sets the context by introducing the topic of your paper. This is called the background information. This information leads to the second function it specifies the purpose of the paper. Finally, the introduction contains a short outline of how you are going to handle the aspects of your topic in the rest of the paper.Any introduction in which one of these functions is missing is necessarily incomplete. The length of the introduction varies from one paragraph to several pages, depending on the total length of the paper. Three other factors influence the length. First, how familiar are your readers with the context? If, for example, you are writing about small and medium-sized businesses in Nepal, you may have to explain much more of the Nepalese background for readers who are less familiar with that country, since the readers may wish to compare Nepalese SMEs with those in other growing countries.Second, what the type of paper (or genre) are you writing? If, for example, you are writing a review of the academic literature on internet auction markets, your introduction might be quite short, since you will include the information from your review in the middle of your paper. Simi larly, if you are examining a competition case from, say, the European Commission or the US Department of Justice, then you may not need much background information, for you can refer almost straightaway to the case.On the other hand, in a paper in which you argue a point of view (e.g. the abolition of export subsidies), then you may need to present adequate background information before introducing your pur- 14 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring pose. Third, what economics or business discipline are you addressing? The length of introductions may differ between econometrics, labour economics, marketing, strategic anxiety, and so on. It is wise to check by reading relevant previous papers in the target discipline and the target genre, as well as taking the readers familiarity into account.Nevertheless, as a useful rule of thumb, it is valuable to think of your introduction as being about one-eighth of the length of the text you are writing. Thus, the introduction to a 100 0word paper would be about 125 words the introduction to a 10,000-word dissertation would contain about 1250 words, and may well appear as a short chapter in its own right. So treat the one-eighth concept as a guideline, not as a straightjacket. Writing the introduction depends heavily on personal preference.Some writers like to know exactly how they will begin before they start to elaborate the text they are aiming to write other writers prefer to know what they have written first, and then write the introduction to fit it, so that it leads to the purpose statement. Yet, a good rule of thumb is to write a draft introduction that leads to your purpose statement, then write the whole text, right to the conclusion, progressively editing as you go along. Only then do you return to your introduction and adjust or rewrite it so that it does indeed fit your paper neatly and satisfyingly.3. 1. 1. The background information The introduction prepares the readers for what follows. Thus, the i ntroduction has an orientation function. Thus, it should therefrom present enough background information so that the readers will recognize that the middle of your paper follows logically and coherently from the introduction you need to pay attention to what the reader can be expected to know already and what will be new. Your introduction is more effective when it progresses from the known to the unknown (Figure 5). 15 Guide to Academic Writing Skills.Structuring Prediction markets and their applicability for organizational decision making 1. Introduction Whether firms are successful or not depends to a great extent on their decisions about new products. Therefore, top management has large Background information (known less known) incentives to have as accurate information as possible on future demand and success of new products. Usual methods of gathering this information include guest surveys and expert opinions. Often, however, these approaches are very inaccurate and mislead ing.In order to avoid problems linked to the two methods mentioned above, firms came to think about whether or not to make use of prediction markets as information gathering tools (Ho Chen, 2007). unused information (topic) Prediction markets, also known as information markets or future events (Wolfers Zitzewitz, 2004), are markets in which price is used as an indicator of the probability that a certain event will bump in the future (Manski, 2006). Market participants buy and sell contracts of the particular event they think will be likely to take place and they receive money when they betted correctly (Wolfers Zitzewitz, 2004).This Purpose of paper paper investigates the question whether or not firms should engage in prediction markets to make informed decisions. Outline Firstly, it explains some general aspects of prediction markets. Secondly, it describes examples of this forecasting tool, focusing for illustration on the Iowa Electronic Market and finally it compares benefi ts and disadvantages of implementing prediction markets in businesses. Figure 5. Example of an introduction from a first-year business paper. 16 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring 3. 1. 2.The purpose statement The purpose statement is a vital component in academic papers. It label the high point of the introduction. This statement is a clear expression of the purpose that your paper is expected to assert, explain, support, or defend (Fulwiler Hayakawa, 2000). It summarizes the main idea of a paper and makes that idea explicit to the readers. The statement answers the questions the critical reader has what? Why does this paper exist? What it all about? So s In the literature on academic writing, you will meet the term thesis statement This term cov.ers the statement that the writer is going to argue in his or her paper.Strictly speaking, it is relevant to argumentative papers where you are advancing a claim (the thesis), and then in the paper you present the arguments (evidence) that demonstrates whether the claim holds. An example of an argumentative paper is a position paper in which you set out a particular theoretical position (opinion) based on arguments (evidence). Many papers that you write will not be essentially argumentative papers. You may often simply be explaining a phenomenon or showing and analysing data.Sometimes, you may simply be answering an exploratory question. However, all papers do require a statement or question that neatly summarizes what you are going to do in your paper (see Table 1). Table 1. Types of papers and associated purpose statements*. Type of paper Argumentative paper Purpose as expressed Explanation You argue a proposition (claim). You present the arguments (evidence) for and against the claim, and decide whether the claim is supported or not. You start with a question about a phenomenon, and devise one or more hypotheses that you will test in your research.Your experimental paper reports the results. Exampl e Government action to restrict the bonuses paid to investment bankers is unwise because it is harmful to the economy as a whole. Are poor people more generous than rich people? Poor people will give a larger percentage of a monetary gift to poor people than rich people will. Thesis statement Experimental per pa- Research question hypothesis 17 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring Exploratory analysis data Research question You conduct a survey or a series of interviews, for example, but do not have an explicit hypothesis before you start.You have a research question, but do not know in advance what the answers may be. How much do students know about financing small and medium-sized businesses? Or This paper explores the knowledge students have about the financing of This paper reviews recent experimental research into the principal-agent relationship. This paper examines whether the economic grounds for approving the jointure were sound. OR Were the economic grounds for a pproving the merger sound? The European Commission was justified in fining the lift manufacturers as their cartel had distorted competition and reduced consumer welfare.